Communication: Modes, Signs, Meaning & Register

Modes of Communication

• Linguistic mode includes verbal language and written text.
• Gestural mode includes body language, facial expressions and gestures.
• Spatial mode includes architecture, layout, and physical environment.
• Visual mode includes images, graphics, videos and films.
• Aural mode includes sound, music, and voice audio.

Types of Signs

• Symbols are arbitrary signs with no inherent meaning (e.g., words, logos).
• Icons are signs that resemble their meaning (e.g., images, diagrams).
• Index signs are causally connected to their meaning (e.g., smoke indicating fire).

Levels of Meaning

• Denotative meaning is literal, surface-level.
• Connotative meaning includes emotional, cultural, or personal associations.
• Ideological meaning consists of underlying values, beliefs, and power structures.

Formal Register

• Appropriate for documents, reports, and formal letters.
• Used in academic writing, professional communication, and official documents.

Informal Register

• Suited for conversations at home, chatting with friends, and personal letters.
• Used in casual communication like text messages, social media posts, and personal emails.

Semi-Formal Register

• Suitable for letters to friends with respect, emails to acquaintances, and conversations at formal events.
• Combines formality and informality.

Frozen Register

• Found in traditions, ceremonies, and formal events, such as church services and school ceremonies.
• Related to traditions and formal events.

Consultative Register

• Used in consultations, discussions, and negotiations, such as discussions with officials and business negotiations.
• Related to consultations and negotiations.

Inner Circle

• Includes countries where English is the primary language: USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland.
• Most of the population speaks English as a first language.

Outer Circle

• Includes countries where English is an official language: India, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and many African countries.
• English is widely used as a second language for business, education, and government.

Expanding Circle

• Includes countries where English is widely taught and used: China, Japan, Korea, Brazil, and many European countries.
• English is taught in schools and used for international communication, business, and tourism.

Elements of Communication

• Sender: The person who initiates the communication process.
• Message: The information being conveyed.
• Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted (e.g., speech, text, email).
• Receiver: The person who receives the message.
• Feedback: The response or reaction of the receiver to the message.
• Context: The situation, culture, and environment in which communication takes place.

Theories of Communication

• Shannon-Weaver Model: A mathematical model that describes communication as a linear process.
• Berlo's SMCR Model: A model that emphasizes the importance of the sender, message, channel, and receiver in communication.
• Transactional Model: A model that views communication as a two-way, dynamic process.

Qualities of Communication

• Clarity: The message should be clear and easy to understand.
• Conciseness: The message should be brief and to the point.
• Accuracy: The message should be free from errors and inaccuracies.
• Relevance: The message should be relevant to the context and audience.
• Empathy: The message should show understanding and consideration for the receiver's feelings and needs.

Intercultural Communication

• Definition: Communication between people from different cultural backgrounds.
• Importance: Essential in today's globalized world, where people from diverse cultures interact and communicate regularly.
• Challenges: Language barriers, cultural differences, and stereotypes can hinder effective intercultural communication.

Globalization

• Definition: The increasing interconnectedness of the world's economies, societies, and cultures.
• Impact on Communication: Has led to increased cross-cultural communication, international collaboration, and the need for effective intercultural communication skills.