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Questions and Answers
A child consistently substitutes /d/ for fricative sounds. Which treatment approach would directly address the physical production of these sounds?
A child consistently substitutes /d/ for fricative sounds. Which treatment approach would directly address the physical production of these sounds?
- Phonological approach, focusing on rules for fricative production.
- Child-centered approach, providing indirect language stimulation.
- Articulation approach, using sensory information to elicit correct sound production. (correct)
- Adult-centered approach involving highly structured language tasks.
A speech-language pathologist is assessing a child's speech production skills. Which assessment method would be most appropriate for evaluating the child's ability to produce sounds in connected speech?
A speech-language pathologist is assessing a child's speech production skills. Which assessment method would be most appropriate for evaluating the child's ability to produce sounds in connected speech?
- Single-word test, focusing on sounds in initial, medial, and final positions.
- Standardized test, comparing the child's performance to age-matched peers.
- Case history, gathering information about the child's communication development.
- Speech sample, collecting a spontaneous conversation sample. (correct)
A child in the 'developing language' stage is having difficulty with basic morphological and syntactic structures. According to the provided information, they would benefit from speech-language pathology services due to which of the following?
A child in the 'developing language' stage is having difficulty with basic morphological and syntactic structures. According to the provided information, they would benefit from speech-language pathology services due to which of the following?
- Being a high-risk newborn.
- Having fewer than 50-100 words in their expressive vocabulary.
- Demonstrating limited range of communicative functions.
- Having DLD (developmental language disorder). (correct)
Which of the following best describes pragmatics as a component of language?
Which of the following best describes pragmatics as a component of language?
A clinician is using auditory, visual, and physical cues to help a child produce a specific sound. Which treatment approach is the clinician employing?
A clinician is using auditory, visual, and physical cues to help a child produce a specific sound. Which treatment approach is the clinician employing?
During a language sample, a speech-language pathologist collects 75 different words from a child. How could this speech sample be used?
During a language sample, a speech-language pathologist collects 75 different words from a child. How could this speech sample be used?
A child is in the pre-linguistic stage of language development. Which communication characteristic would you expect to observe?
A child is in the pre-linguistic stage of language development. Which communication characteristic would you expect to observe?
A clinician is working with a child using an approach where they arrange the environment to elicit specific language targets and provide naturalistic reinforcement. Which remediation approach is being used?
A clinician is working with a child using an approach where they arrange the environment to elicit specific language targets and provide naturalistic reinforcement. Which remediation approach is being used?
A parent reports their child has a low expressive vocabulary and delayed onset of word combinations. Which term best describes this child's language development?
A parent reports their child has a low expressive vocabulary and delayed onset of word combinations. Which term best describes this child's language development?
Which component of language encompasses the study of the sound system of a language?
Which component of language encompasses the study of the sound system of a language?
A client has difficulty understanding spoken language, but their speech production is fluent. Which area of communication is most likely affected?
A client has difficulty understanding spoken language, but their speech production is fluent. Which area of communication is most likely affected?
A child's speech disorder has no identifiable physical cause. Which of the following best describes the nature of this disorder?
A child's speech disorder has no identifiable physical cause. Which of the following best describes the nature of this disorder?
If you are a Speech-Language Pathologist looking to connect with other professionals in your field, which organization would be most relevant in Canada?
If you are a Speech-Language Pathologist looking to connect with other professionals in your field, which organization would be most relevant in Canada?
Which professional is LEAST likely to be directly involved in the assessment and treatment of communication disorders?
Which professional is LEAST likely to be directly involved in the assessment and treatment of communication disorders?
A sound wave has a high frequency. How will this sound be perceived?
A sound wave has a high frequency. How will this sound be perceived?
A patient's audiogram shows normal hearing at low frequencies but significant hearing loss at high frequencies. Which configuration of hearing loss is MOST likely?
A patient's audiogram shows normal hearing at low frequencies but significant hearing loss at high frequencies. Which configuration of hearing loss is MOST likely?
An individual's hearing loss is described as 60 dB. How would this hearing loss be classified?
An individual's hearing loss is described as 60 dB. How would this hearing loss be classified?
Which hearing assessment method is NOT typically used to directly assess hearing sensitivity?
Which hearing assessment method is NOT typically used to directly assess hearing sensitivity?
Which of the following intervention strategies is MOST appropriate for sensorineural hearing loss?
Which of the following intervention strategies is MOST appropriate for sensorineural hearing loss?
The larynx plays a dual role in speech production. What are these two roles?
The larynx plays a dual role in speech production. What are these two roles?
Which of the following structures is NOT considered part of the articulatory system?
Which of the following structures is NOT considered part of the articulatory system?
In speech production, if the 'source' is the vocal folds vibrating, what does the 'transfer function' refer to?
In speech production, if the 'source' is the vocal folds vibrating, what does the 'transfer function' refer to?
Which of the following structures is responsible for transducing sound vibrations into electrical signals?
Which of the following structures is responsible for transducing sound vibrations into electrical signals?
When classifying consonants, what distinguishes /p/ from /b/?
When classifying consonants, what distinguishes /p/ from /b/?
A child is producing strings of consonant-vowel syllables like 'da da da da'. According to speech development milestones, what stage of development is the child in?
A child is producing strings of consonant-vowel syllables like 'da da da da'. According to speech development milestones, what stage of development is the child in?
Flashcards
Fricative Sound Errors
Fricative Sound Errors
Using /d/ in place of fricative sounds (like /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/).
Single Word Articulation Test
Single Word Articulation Test
Assessments that gathers one example of each sound in initial, medial, and final positions in single words (e.g., sun, messy, bus).
Speech Sample Assessment
Speech Sample Assessment
Assessments that analyzes sounds in spontaneous conversation (collecting at least 100 words) to calculate PCC (percent consonants correct).
Articulation Approach
Articulation Approach
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Verbal Tactile Cueing (Traditional Approach)
Verbal Tactile Cueing (Traditional Approach)
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Phonological Approach
Phonological Approach
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Language Content (Semantics)
Language Content (Semantics)
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Language Form (Phonology, Morphology, Syntax)
Language Form (Phonology, Morphology, Syntax)
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Language Use (Pragmatics)
Language Use (Pragmatics)
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Case History (Language Assessment)
Case History (Language Assessment)
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Communication input/output
Communication input/output
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When/How communication disorders occur
When/How communication disorders occur
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Communication disorder orgs.
Communication disorder orgs.
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Professions related to CD
Professions related to CD
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Frequency vs. Amplitude
Frequency vs. Amplitude
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Types of hearing loss
Types of hearing loss
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Degrees of hearing loss
Degrees of hearing loss
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Configurations of HL
Configurations of HL
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HL assessments
HL assessments
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HL treatment
HL treatment
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Systems of production
Systems of production
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speech production
speech production
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Auditory system
Auditory system
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Consonants
Consonants
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Classification of vowels
Classification of vowels
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Study Notes
- 3 areas of communication include output/expression and input/understanding.
Output/Expression
- This can be spoken, written or nonverbal
Input/Understanding
- This can be auditory comprehension, reading comprehension, or nonverbal gestures
Communication Disorders
- Communication disorders can occur developmentally (genetic) or be acquired
Communication disorders how
- Communication disorders can occur organically or functionally
Communication disorder related organizations
- CASLPO OAOO: College of Audiologist and Speech-Language Pathologist of Ontario
- SAC OAC: Speech-Language Audiology Canada
- OSLA: Ontario Association of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists
- ASHA: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
- CAA ACA: Canadian Audiology Association
Communication Disorder Professions
- Communication disorder assistant
- Speech-language pathologists
- Audiologist
- Researchers
- Teachers of the deaf
- Neurologist
Frequency
- This is the pitch; determined by a wave length, which is the rate of vibration of a sound source
- A faster wave length would result in a higher pitch and a slower wavelength would result in a lower pitch
Amplitude
- This is loudness and is determined by, the wave height of a sound source
- A larger wave equates to a louder sound and a smaller wave equates to a quieter sound
Hearing Loss Categories
- There are 4 types, 6 degrees, and 4 configurations of hearing loss
Four Types of Hearing Loss
- Conductive hearing loss can be reversible
- Sensorineural hearing loss is permanent
- Mixed hearing loss could be outer, inner and middle ear
- Central hearing loss involves impairment in the brain’s auditory nerve
Six Degrees of Hearing Loss
- Normal hearing loss is between 0-25 dB
- Mild hearing loss is between 26-40 dB
- Moderate hearing loss is between 41-55 dB
- Moderate-to-severe hearing loss is between 56-70 db
- Severe hearing loss is between 71-90 db
- Profound hearing loss is any hearing loss greater than 91+ dB
Four Configurations of Hearing Loss
- High frequency hearing loss is loss in the higher frequencies
- Flat hearing loss is across all frequencies
- Unilateral/bilateral is one ear versus both ears
- Symmetrical and asymmetrical is the same or different in each ear
Three Different Hearing Assessments
- Pure tone testing
- Immittance Testing
- Electrophysiological testing
Approaches to Hearing Loss Treatment
- Surgery or medical intervention
- Hearing aids
- Auditory implants
Three systems of speech production
- Respiratory system is breathing
- Laryngeal system is the voice and prevents aspiration
- Articulatory system is contained within the vocal tract
Laryngeal System parts
- Hyoid bone
- Epiglottis
- Arytenoid Cartilages
- Vocal Folds
- Thyroid Cartridges
- Cricoid Cartilage
Articulatory System parts
- Tongue
- Lips
- Mandible
- Soft Palate
- Pharynx
- Hard Palate
- Teeth
Speech Production Equation
- Source + Transfer Function = Product
10 parts of auditory system includes
- Pinna (auricle)
- External auditory meatus (ear canal)
- Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
- Eustachian tube
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
- Cochlea
- Hair cells
- Auditory nerve
Physiology of Hearing
- Sound wave→outer ear (transmission) → middle ear (transformation) → inner ear → auditory nerve → brainstem→ cortex (transduction)
Consonant Classification
- Manner is how air is modified as it travels through the vocal tract
- Voicing is whether vocal folds are vibrating while sound is produced
- Place is where in the vocal tract the greatest closure occurs as the sound is produced
Vowel Classification
- Tongue elevation either high, mid, low, front, central or back
- Tongue advancement either high, mid, or low
- Lip position either rounded or unrounded
9 Speech Milestones
- Reflexive, vegetative sounds (a, u, o)/ coughing/burping
- Vowel-like and consonant-like sounds emerge
- Front sounds dominate (b,m,p)
- Prosodic play (high/low sounds) (tone, rhythm)
- Canonical babbling (same sound: ba ba ba ba)
- Prosody like real speech
- Non reduplicated/variegated babbling (changing consonant sounds: ba da ga)
- Jargon (not real words/form of sentence but no real words)
- First words
Articulation Disorder
- One specific sound error
- Example: Replacing the r sound with w
Phonlogical Disorder
- Does not use correct rule of pattern
- Example: I tee the tat is wunning (multiple letters replaced)
- Errors represent a pattern versus a few sound errors such as using /d/ in place of all fricative sounds
Speech Sound Assessments
- Single word test
- Gather one example of each sound in initial, medial and final positions (I,M,F) (test 's': sun, messy, bus)
- Speech sample
- Many examples of sounds in spontaneous conversation
- Collect at least 100 different words -Equation: pcc (percent consonants correct)
Approaches for Treating Speech Disorders
- Articulation approach
- Focuses on helping child to make correct production
- Uses sensory information to help elicit correct articulation
- Repetitive motor practice
- Traditional approach/verbal tactile cueing
- Provide auditory, visual and physical cues to help child say sound
- Child says sound after model
- Phonological approach
- Teaching them the rule they are struggling with
Components of Language: Content
- Semantics/lexicon/vocabulary
- Meaning of individual words and words in combination
- Denotative: literal
- Connotative: subtle distinction
Components of Language: Form
- Phonology, morphology, Syntax
- Phonology: study of sound system on languages
- Morphology: study of internal structure of words
- Syntax: study of rules governing sentence structure
Components of Language: Use
- Pragmatics
- Appropriate use of language in its communicate context
- Turn-taking
- Opening, maintaining, closing a conversation
Stages of Child Language Development
- Infant/toddler -Pre-intentional: crying, grunting, sighing
- Pre-linguistic: communication via gestures, babbling, jargon
- Emerging language: first words, two-words, simple sentences
- Preschool
- Developing language: basic morphological and syntactic structures
- School age
- Growth in all aspects
- Focus on semantics and pragmatics
- Conversational, jokes, argumentative
Speech-Language Pathology Services: Pre-Intentional Stage
- High risk newborns
- Older children functioning at this stage
Speech-Language Pathology Services: Pre-Linguistic Stage
- Limited range of communicative functions
- Low rate of communicating
Speech-Language Pathology Services: Emerging Language Stage
- Fewer than 50-100 words
- No two-word combinations
Late Talkers
- Low expressive vocabulary
- Delayed onset of word combinations
Developmental Language Stage
- DLD: developmental language disorder
- Limited vocabulary
Child Language Assessment Methods
- Case history: collect info about concern, developments, communication behavior
- Standardized tests
- Series of tasks, score/rank reflects how child performed compared to children of the same age
- Language samples
- Record sample during interaction, transvice, analyze for target linguistic structures
Approaches for Remediation
- Adult-centered: clinician directed, highly structures
- Child-centered: SLP provides indirect language stimulation during interactions
- Hybrid
- SLP arranges environment to elicit specific target and provided naturalistic reinforcement
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Description
Communication involves both expression and understanding through various means like speech, writing, auditory and reading comprehension. Communication disorders can be developmental or acquired, organic or functional. Several organizations and professions are involved in the study and treatment of communication disorders.
