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Questions and Answers
What is the primary location of large and small strongyles in horses?
What is the primary location of large and small strongyles in horses?
What is one characteristic of the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?
What is one characteristic of the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?
Which of the following strongyles is NOT classified as a large strongyle?
Which of the following strongyles is NOT classified as a large strongyle?
What is the pre-patent period for Strongylus vulgaris?
What is the pre-patent period for Strongylus vulgaris?
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What stage of the Strongylus vulgaris can overwinter on pasture in most U.S. conditions?
What stage of the Strongylus vulgaris can overwinter on pasture in most U.S. conditions?
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What is the common name for large and small strongyles?
What is the common name for large and small strongyles?
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What is the typical length of large strongyles?
What is the typical length of large strongyles?
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What type of immunity is associated with infestation of strongyles in horses?
What type of immunity is associated with infestation of strongyles in horses?
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What is the primary feeding mechanism of large strongyles?
What is the primary feeding mechanism of large strongyles?
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Which clinical sign is most associated with adult large strongyles?
Which clinical sign is most associated with adult large strongyles?
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What condition can arise from the larvae of S. vulgaris?
What condition can arise from the larvae of S. vulgaris?
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What is a significant characteristic of small strongyles regarding their life cycle?
What is a significant characteristic of small strongyles regarding their life cycle?
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What is the main consequence of hypobiosis in strongyle larvae?
What is the main consequence of hypobiosis in strongyle larvae?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with cyathostome larvae?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with cyathostome larvae?
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What is the advantage of dragging or harrowing pastures?
What is the advantage of dragging or harrowing pastures?
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Which type of eggs can typically be observed through fecal flotation in cases of strongyle infestation?
Which type of eggs can typically be observed through fecal flotation in cases of strongyle infestation?
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What is the typical prepatent period for small strongyles?
What is the typical prepatent period for small strongyles?
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Which treatment is known to be effective for encysted small strongyles?
Which treatment is known to be effective for encysted small strongyles?
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What is the primary reason for avoiding traditional deworming practices?
What is the primary reason for avoiding traditional deworming practices?
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What is a key component of the three-pronged approach to evidence-based deworming?
What is a key component of the three-pronged approach to evidence-based deworming?
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What does FEC stand for in the context of horse deworming?
What does FEC stand for in the context of horse deworming?
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Which anthelmintic class includes Ivermectin and Moxidectin?
Which anthelmintic class includes Ivermectin and Moxidectin?
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What is the purpose of parasite refugia in the context of deworming?
What is the purpose of parasite refugia in the context of deworming?
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When should deworming be restricted based on environmental factors?
When should deworming be restricted based on environmental factors?
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For which parasites do Fenbendazole and Moxidectin effectively kill encysted larvae?
For which parasites do Fenbendazole and Moxidectin effectively kill encysted larvae?
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What is a significant action horse owners should take in managing pasture to reduce parasite contamination?
What is a significant action horse owners should take in managing pasture to reduce parasite contamination?
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Which of the following is NOT a class of anthelmintics mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a class of anthelmintics mentioned?
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What is the minimum fecal egg count (FEC) threshold that indicates treatment is necessary?
What is the minimum fecal egg count (FEC) threshold that indicates treatment is necessary?
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What is the primary blood supply for the cecum and colon that the L4 migrates to?
What is the primary blood supply for the cecum and colon that the L4 migrates to?
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What is a major consequence of the migration of L4 in heavy infestations?
What is a major consequence of the migration of L4 in heavy infestations?
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What is the prepatent period for S. vulgaris?
What is the prepatent period for S. vulgaris?
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Which stage of the strongyle life cycle emerges from nodules in the large intestine?
Which stage of the strongyle life cycle emerges from nodules in the large intestine?
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What condition may result from compromised blood supply to the GI tract due to strongyles?
What condition may result from compromised blood supply to the GI tract due to strongyles?
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How long do L4 larvae spend maturing to L5 in the cranial mesenteric artery?
How long do L4 larvae spend maturing to L5 in the cranial mesenteric artery?
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Which of the following is true regarding S. equinus and S. edentatus compared to S. vulgaris?
Which of the following is true regarding S. equinus and S. edentatus compared to S. vulgaris?
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What typically happens to the larvae of S. edentatus and S. equinus compared to S. vulgaris?
What typically happens to the larvae of S. edentatus and S. equinus compared to S. vulgaris?
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Study Notes
Common Equine Parasites
- Strongyles are important equine parasites, categorized by descending order of importance.
- Large and small strongyles—also known as "bloodworms" or "redworms"—are common nematodes found in the large intestine of horses.
- Strongyles are ubiquitous; there is no age-related immunity
- Horses infected with strongyles often have both large and small strongyles present.
Strongyle Species
- Large strongyles are most pathogenic.
- Strongylus vulgaris
- Strongylus equinus
- Strongylus edentatus
- Small strongyles (cyathostomes or cyathostominins) are also prevalent, containing 52+ species.
Strongyle Life Cycle
- Strongyles have a direct life cycle, transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
- The pre-patent period for strongyles is 6 months.
- Adults live in the cecum and colon (large intestine), ingesting blood and tissue.
- Larval molting stages occur within the intestines and blood vessels of the horse before reaching the adult stage. Motile L3 larvae migrate through the tissues, mature into L5 in the intestines, and then produce eggs.
Large Strongyles
- Large strongyles measure 2-5 cm in length.
- Their migration is restricted to the mucosal lining .
- L4 typically matures in blood vessels surrounding the cecum and colon.
- Heavy infestations can cause damage to the aorta.
Small Strongyles
- Small strongyles (cyathostomes) measure less than 1.5 cm.
- They are characterized by a complex life cycle that involves hypobiosis.
- Hypobiosis is a dormant state of the larvae, allowing them to survive for months within the host's tissues before becoming active.
- They typically reside in the mucosa of the cecum and colon.
Damage and Clinical Signs
- Both large and small strongyles cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding musculature. This can manifest in clinical signs such as anemia, anorexia, depression, and weight loss in infected horses.
- Strongylus vulgaris larvae cause damage to the blood vessels, leading to aneurysms, arteritis, thrombosis, emboli, and infarctions.
Diagnosis and Prevention
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Fecal examinations, including fecal egg counts, are common diagnostic tools for strongyles.
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Effective pasture and herd management practices, including regular deworming protocols, are crucial to reducing the burden of strongyles in equine populations.
Anthelmintic Classes
- There are various anthelmintic classes for controlling strongyle infections, including macrocyclic lactones.
- Specific examples of anthelmintics mentioned include: -Avermectins(Ivermectin, selamectin) -Milbemycins (moxidectin, milbemycin oxime) -Benzimidazoles (fenbendazole, oxibendazole) -Tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel pamoate, pyrantel tartrate)
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Description
Test your knowledge on common equine parasites, especially focusing on strongyles. This quiz covers the various species of strongyles, their life cycles, and the implications of their presence in horses. Assess your understanding of these important equine health challenges.
