Common Equine Parasites Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary location of large and small strongyles in horses?

  • Rectum
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine (correct)
  • Stomach

What is one characteristic of the life cycle of Strongylus vulgaris?

  • Fecal-oral transmission (correct)
  • Age-related immunity present
  • Requires an intermediate host
  • Indirect life cycle

Which of the following strongyles is NOT classified as a large strongyle?

  • Cyathostomins (correct)
  • Strongylus vulgaris
  • Strongylus edentatus
  • Strongylus equinus

What is the pre-patent period for Strongylus vulgaris?

<p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of the Strongylus vulgaris can overwinter on pasture in most U.S. conditions?

<p>L3 stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for large and small strongyles?

<p>Bloodworms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of large strongyles?

<p>2 to 5 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is associated with infestation of strongyles in horses?

<p>No age-related immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feeding mechanism of large strongyles?

<p>They are plug feeders that damage the intestinal mucosa. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is most associated with adult large strongyles?

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from the larvae of S. vulgaris?

<p>Aneurysm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of small strongyles regarding their life cycle?

<p>They have a direct life cycle without an intermediate host. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of hypobiosis in strongyle larvae?

<p>They remain dormant and emerge in large numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign associated with cyathostome larvae?

<p>Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of dragging or harrowing pastures?

<p>To decrease the life cycle of strongyles through environmental management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eggs can typically be observed through fecal flotation in cases of strongyle infestation?

<p>Strongyle-type eggs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical prepatent period for small strongyles?

<p>40 days to months or years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is known to be effective for encysted small strongyles?

<p>Fenbendazole in large doses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for avoiding traditional deworming practices?

<p>It has led to increased resistance to anthelmintics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the three-pronged approach to evidence-based deworming?

<p>Regularly monitor fecal egg counts (FEC) of all horses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FEC stand for in the context of horse deworming?

<p>Fecal Egg Count (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anthelmintic class includes Ivermectin and Moxidectin?

<p>Macrocyclic lactones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of parasite refugia in the context of deworming?

<p>To maintain a population of parasites that aren’t resistant to drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should deworming be restricted based on environmental factors?

<p>During transmission seasons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which parasites do Fenbendazole and Moxidectin effectively kill encysted larvae?

<p>Both large strongyles and cyathostomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant action horse owners should take in managing pasture to reduce parasite contamination?

<p>Remove feces every few days. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a class of anthelmintics mentioned?

<p>Alpha-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum fecal egg count (FEC) threshold that indicates treatment is necessary?

<blockquote> <p>100 EPG (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary blood supply for the cecum and colon that the L4 migrates to?

<p>Cranial mesenteric artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of the migration of L4 in heavy infestations?

<p>Aneurysm of the arterial wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prepatent period for S. vulgaris?

<p>6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the strongyle life cycle emerges from nodules in the large intestine?

<p>Adult strongyles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from compromised blood supply to the GI tract due to strongyles?

<p>Verminous colic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do L4 larvae spend maturing to L5 in the cranial mesenteric artery?

<p>3-4 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding S. equinus and S. edentatus compared to S. vulgaris?

<p>They are larger and more bloodthirsty than S. vulgaris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to the larvae of S. edentatus and S. equinus compared to S. vulgaris?

<p>They migrate to the liver and peritoneum instead of the cranial mesenteric artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Strongyles (equine parasites)

Important internal parasites in horses, particularly large and small strongyles, often causing blood loss.

Strongylus vulgaris

A type of large strongyle, a significant internal parasite in horses, causing blood loss.

Direct life cycle (parasites)

A parasite life cycle where no intermediate host is needed, often with fecal-oral transmission.

Fecal-oral transmission

A method of parasite transmission where the parasite is ingested from the infected animal's feces.

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Pre-patent period (Strongylus vulgaris)

The time it takes for a parasite to mature and produce infectious stages in the host (6 months).

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Large intestine (location of Strongyles)

The cecum and colon are common locations where adult strongyles reside.

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Cyathostomes (small strongyles)

A diverse family of small strongyles, common internal parasites in horses.

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Infectious stage (L3 stage)

The stage of the parasite that is capable of infecting a new host.

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Strongyle life cycle (general)

A complex process where strongyle parasites develop and mature within a host's body, often migrating through tissues and blood vessels.

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Strongyle L3 penetration

The larval stage of strongyles that penetrates the small intestine's lining.

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Strongyle L4 migration

The larval stage moves to the cranial mesenteric artery.

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Strongyle L5 migration

The larval stage migrates to the cecum and colon.

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Strongyle adult encapsulation

The mature strongyles form nodules in the colon wall.

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Prepatent period

The time from infection to when eggs are first found in the host's feces.

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Strongyle Vulgaris prepatent period

Six months.

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Vacant Pasture for Horses

Allowing pasture to rest for 2 months (southern U.S.) or 4 months (northern U.S.) before grazing horses.

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Horse Grazing Density Reduction

Decreasing the number of horses grazing in a pasture.

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Traditional Deworming

Treating horses frequently (4-6 times a year) with different deworming medications.

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Anthelmintic Resistance

Parasites developing resistance to deworming medications.

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Evidence-Based Deworming

Treating only horses that need it, based on fecal egg counts (FEC).

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Fecal Egg Count (FEC)

Quantitative analysis of horse feces to count parasite eggs.

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EPG (Eggs Per Gram)

A measurement of parasitic contamination in horse feces; number of eggs per gram of feces.

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Macrocyclic lactones

A class of deworming medications, such as ivermectin and moxidectin.

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Benzimidazoles

A class of deworming medications, such as fenbendazole and oxibendazole.

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Preserve Parasite Refugia

Maintaining parasite populations that haven't been exposed to anthelmintics.

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Strongyle Larvae Damage

Vulnerable sites of horse include aneurysms,arteritis,thrombus,embolus,infarction,and colic; Peritonitis and liver damage also occur.

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Large Strongyles Feeding

They act like plug feeders, drawing in intestinal mucosa, then digesting.

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Hypobiosis

Dormant stage of strongyle larvae (L3/L4), stimulated by low temps, can last months.

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Cyathostome Larval Clinical Signs

Causes diarrhea, weight loss, and mucus production in the large intestine.

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Strongyle Life Cycle

Fecal-oral transmission, larvae migrate, encysted; resistant during encystment, vulnerable to Fenbendazole/Moxidectin.

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Strongyle Adult Clinical Signs

Anemia, anorexia, depression, weight loss, and dehydration are common symptoms of both large and small strongyles.

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Large Strongyles and Anemia

Heavy mucosal damage results in blood loss, leading to anemia.

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Diagnosis of Strongyles

Fecal flotation and Baermann apparatus help identify strongyle eggs and larvae.

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Study Notes

Common Equine Parasites

  • Strongyles are important equine parasites, categorized by descending order of importance.
  • Large and small strongyles—also known as "bloodworms" or "redworms"—are common nematodes found in the large intestine of horses.
  • Strongyles are ubiquitous; there is no age-related immunity
  • Horses infected with strongyles often have both large and small strongyles present.

Strongyle Species

  • Large strongyles are most pathogenic.
    • Strongylus vulgaris
    • Strongylus equinus
    • Strongylus edentatus
  • Small strongyles (cyathostomes or cyathostominins) are also prevalent, containing 52+ species.

Strongyle Life Cycle

  • Strongyles have a direct life cycle, transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
  • The pre-patent period for strongyles is 6 months.
  • Adults live in the cecum and colon (large intestine), ingesting blood and tissue.
  • Larval molting stages occur within the intestines and blood vessels of the horse before reaching the adult stage. Motile L3 larvae migrate through the tissues, mature into L5 in the intestines, and then produce eggs.

Large Strongyles

  • Large strongyles measure 2-5 cm in length.
  • Their migration is restricted to the mucosal lining .
  • L4 typically matures in blood vessels surrounding the cecum and colon.
  • Heavy infestations can cause damage to the aorta.

Small Strongyles

  • Small strongyles (cyathostomes) measure less than 1.5 cm.
  • They are characterized by a complex life cycle that involves hypobiosis.
  • Hypobiosis is a dormant state of the larvae, allowing them to survive for months within the host's tissues before becoming active.
  • They typically reside in the mucosa of the cecum and colon.

Damage and Clinical Signs

  • Both large and small strongyles cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding musculature. This can manifest in clinical signs such as anemia, anorexia, depression, and weight loss in infected horses.
  • Strongylus vulgaris larvae cause damage to the blood vessels, leading to aneurysms, arteritis, thrombosis, emboli, and infarctions.

Diagnosis and Prevention

  • Fecal examinations, including fecal egg counts, are common diagnostic tools for strongyles.

  • Effective pasture and herd management practices, including regular deworming protocols, are crucial to reducing the burden of strongyles in equine populations.

Anthelmintic Classes

  • There are various anthelmintic classes for controlling strongyle infections, including macrocyclic lactones.
  • Specific examples of anthelmintics mentioned include: -Avermectins(Ivermectin, selamectin) -Milbemycins (moxidectin, milbemycin oxime) -Benzimidazoles (fenbendazole, oxibendazole) -Tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel pamoate, pyrantel tartrate)

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Equine Strongyles Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on common equine parasites, especially focusing on strongyles. This quiz covers the various species of strongyles, their life cycles, and the implications of their presence in horses. Assess your understanding of these important equine health challenges.

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