Colonialism and Indigenous Relations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which Indigenous group was notably targeted by Iroquois armies in addition to the Abenakis and Susquehannocks?

  • Crees
  • Hurons
  • Ojibwas (correct)
  • Wendat

    • What was a significant reason for the Haudenosaunee to maintain diplomatic ties with colonial suppliers?

  • To negotiate peace agreements
  • To secure military alliances
  • To enhance trade relations
  • To acquire gunpowder and firearms (correct)

    • Who were the primary negotiators credited with conducting the discussions of the Great Peace of Montréal in 1701?

  • Louis-Hector de Callière
  • French military leaders
  • Wendat representatives (correct)
  • Iroquois chiefs

    • What major conflicts did the Great Peace of Montréal mark an end to?

    <p>The Mourning Wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the presence of adoptees within Iroquoia have on the Iroquois nations?

    <p>Expanded their freedom of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the civilization/savagery binary primarily serve to do?

    <p>Support the marginalization of Indigenous peoples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Type 1 colonialism, as defined by Belshaw et al.?

    <p>Temporary seasonal resource extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of Type 2 colonialism?

    <p>Spanish expeditions searching for wealth in the Caribbean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key feature of the planter model in colonialism?

    <p>Dependence on forced labor for agricultural production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did colonial ventures in North America often fail?

    <p>As a result of stalling during the search for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of land scrip?

    <p>To establish title over Crown-owned land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the amendments to the Manitoba Act affect eligibility for land allotments?

    <p>It reduced the number of eligible applicants from around 10,000 to less than 6,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern did Governor Morris address regarding heads of households applying for land scrip?

    <p>Possible unrest over unequal land distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the discriminatory laws introduced in 1886 aimed at protecting?

    <p>The dispossession of children's land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the government pursue in 1875 to determine eligibility for land and scrip?

    <p>A survey collecting affidavits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue regarding scrip distribution was highlighted in 1876?

    <p>Fraudulent claims made by unauthorized agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What financial value was represented by land scrip?

    <p>$1 per acre of land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the variation in regulations governing different types of scrip?

    <p>Increased complexity and confusion among settlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Council of Three Fires formed by?

    <p>Anishinaabe peoples including the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a treaty?

    <p>A formal agreement between different groups relating to peace or commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Indigenous treaty-making emphasizes the significance of relationship?

    <p>Treaty as relationship, grounded in responsibilities and renewal processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around which year did the Wabanaki form their confederacy?

    <p>1680</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Indigenous group likely founded their confederacy in the early 1500s?

    <p>Wendat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle underlying Indigenous treaty processes?

    <p>Common Indigenous ethics of justice, peace, respect, and reciprocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does treaty-making with 'other-than-human beings' signify in Indigenous perspectives?

    <p>Recognizing relationships with environmental entities and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nations participated in the Iron Alliance or Nehiyaw-Pwat diplomacy?

    <p>Plains Cree and Assiniboine, later including Saulteaux and Métis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the nêhiyaw-pwat, also known as the Iron Alliance?

    <p>It was a political and military alliance among Cree, Assiniboine, Métis, and Saulteaux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event prompted the Métis to seek broad support across various communities?

    <p>The Red River Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key promise was made in the Manitoba Act regarding land for the Métis?

    <p>Guaranteed 1.4 million acres of land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major outcome of the Red River Resistance?

    <p>A government was formed to negotiate terms with Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Red River Resistance impact the relationship between the Métis and other communities?

    <p>It fostered support across Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial aspect of the Iron Alliance was emphasized in its formation?

    <p>Kinship relations among the participating groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT included in the promises made by the Manitoba Act?

    <p>Full citizenship rights for all Indigenous peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable consequence of the Frog Lake Incident for the Cree?

    <p>It was their last opportunity to request governmental support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant impact did invasive species have on the Mandan people's agriculture?

    <p>They caused massive disruptions by destroying corn caches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable characteristic of the Haudenosaunee society compared to the Anishinaabe?

    <p>They had a more agrarian lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the French colonial presence in the St. Lawrence Valley?

    <p>The population remained low despite over a century of settlement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the small European presence in the area around the Gulf of the St. Lawrence?

    <p>Limited interactions dictated by Indigenous communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What agricultural method did both the Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabe practice?

    <p>Farming of the 'three sisters'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did George Catlin illustrate about the structural issues faced by the Mandan people?

    <p>Their structures were collapsing due to the effects of invasive species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an outcome of the French expeditions in the 1500s regarding Indigenous peoples?

    <p>Incidents of abductions of Indigenous peoples were documented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of adopting agricultural practices for Indigenous communities?

    <p>Enabled larger and more organized communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Positionality

    • Articulating positionality involves understanding your familial history, where your knowledge originates, and how your lived experiences inform your perspective.
    • Positionality considers intersectional identity groups like race, socioeconomic class, ability, religion, gender, and sexual orientation, which impact power and privilege.
    • Reflect on how these factors have shaped your path.
    • Self-reflection is important for building relationships and opening oneself to new ideas across disciplines.
    • Taking ownership of your learning journey is essential.

    Oral Stories & Histories

    • The concept of "history" isn't static but varies across cultures and serves specific purposes and audiences.
    • Indigenous oral traditions, like those of the Coast Salish, distinguish between true histories (syuth) and fables or moral tales (sxwi'em').

    The Power of Oral History

    • Oral histories were accepted as evidence in the Delgamuukw v. Supreme Court of British Columbia Case.
    • Inuit oral histories were crucial in uncovering the wreck of the Franklin Expedition's ships.

    The Ontological/Epistemological Divide

    • Euro-Western frameworks exist abstractly, but their articulation in action/behavior bridges the abstract to praxis.
    • Haudenosaunee and Anishnaabe frameworks are cosmological frameworks that are inseparable from a place-based understanding.
    • Theory and practice are intertwined, as belief in the historical events of Sky-Woman and First Woman is foundational to their philosophies.
    • Indigenous philosophies are grounded in place and do not separate theory from practice, unlike Euro-Western frameworks.

    What is a Creation Story? / Foundational Myths

    • Creation stories explain the creation of the world and where a people originate.
    • They can express worldviews, ways of seeing, being, and knowing.
    • Creation stories can reflect a complex cosmology, encompassing more than a stand-alone story.
    • Foundational myths are similar yet different from creation stories, sometimes being limited in scope and focusing on specific historical events, gaining power from that narration.

    Beringia Land Bridge Theory

    • The Beringia Land Bridge theory explains migration across an ice-free corridor east of the Rockies, following the movement of animals.
    • Archaeological and anthropological research from the 1960s and 1970s supported this corridor model.
    • Evidence shows the abundance of resources in the corridor, but it is considered thin in regards to the resources sustaining migrating populations from Alaska.
    • A study of bison populations shows genetic mixing between northern and southern herds, supporting the idea of an ice-free corridor.

    Some Key Points from Erlandson et al.

    • Seafaring along the Pacific existed as early as 50,000 years before present, evidenced by abundant kelp forests along the coasts as a nutritional source.
    • Lower sea levels facilitated migration but also led to a lack of older archaeological sites along the coasts, due to factors including coastal subsidence.
    • Evidence of past subsidence earthquakes and tsunamis along the Cascadia Subduction Zone likely played a role in the scarcity of older archaeological sites.

    Before "Contact" with Europeans

    • Complex agricultural societies emerged in Central America and Coastal Peru.
    • Indigenous farmers of the Americas arose around the same time as farming breakthroughs in China, the Middle East, and the Nile Valley.
    • The "three sisters" - corn, beans, and squash - demonstrate the ingenuity and advanced agricultural practices of Indigenous peoples.

    First Nations History, Diplomacy, Democracy

    • Woodlands (East): Haudenosaunee Confederacy, potentially established as early as 1142 CE.
    • The Iroquoian longhouse villages reflected tightly knit communities where collective decision-making and respect for individual action were paramount.
    • Woodlands (East): Anishinaabe – Three Council Fires represent alliances.
    • Far North regions show the spread of Thule/Inuit from Alaska to Labrador.
    • Vast portions of Hudson Bay were/are occupied by the Cree.
    • Plains Diplomacy, or Nehiyaw-Pwat, represents alliances between Plains Cree and Assiniboine.
    • Northwest Coast features numerous nations with diverse languages in modern British Columbia (B.C).

    What is a Treaty?

    • A treaty is a settlement or arrangement by negotiation, taking the form of an agreement, covenant, compact, or contract.
    • A treaty involves a contract among states, concerning peace, truce, alliance, commerce, or other international relationships.

    Indigenous Treaty Making

    • Indigenous treaty processes are rooted in worldviews, languages, knowledge systems, and political cultures, and are governed by common Indigenous ethics of justice, peace, respect, reciprocity, and accountability.
    • Indigenous peoples regard these agreements in terms of relationship and renewal processes as paramount in maintaining international agreements.
    • These agreements are viewed as encompassing both rights and responsibilities.

    Treaty as Relationship – Nishnaabeg Perspective

    • Treaties are about relationships between different groups, including those with non-human entities (Fish Nation, Hoof Nation).
    • Treaties are expressions of relationships with other Indigenous Nations, as seen through examples like Drum and Song treaties and the “Our Dish” treaty.

    Grounded Normativity

    • Grounded normativity describes how worldview and ways of being in the world are shaped by the contexts, responsibilities, and obligations within specific locations and their relationships with others.

    nêhiyaw pwât

    • nêhiyaw pwât is a term used among Cree and Assiniboine peoples regarding an alliance incorporating various bands, likely established in the 17th century, involving Métis and Saulteaux peoples.
    • This alliance is seen as subtended by kinship relations.

    The Columbian Exchange

    • The Columbian Exchange describes the exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

    Indigenous Trade Networks

    • The emergence of transportation networks: Indigenous pathfinding continues to inform present-day road networks
    • The emergence and use of trade languages (e.g., Chinook, in what is now British Columbia (B.C)

    Indigenous Trade

    • Indigenous trade often involved bartering rather than currency in Mesoamerica.
    • Indigenous societies demonstrated the ability to process, stockpile, and transport goods efficiently, which made trading valuable.
    • Large-scale production and storage are evident from the use of wooden storage racks, caches, and cellars.

    Mandan Corn

    • The Mandan’s corn production was significant, with other peoples traveling to trade with them.
    • The abundance of corn led to widespread trading and food storage by the Mandan.

    Invasive Species

    • Invasive species, like the Brown/Norway rat, caused immense disruptions in the 1800s by chewing through corn caches; impacting the Mandan.

    Indigenous/Non-Indigenous Trade

    • French expeditions led to early trade and also to the abduction of Indigenous peoples.
    • The extent of French presence in the St. Lawrence Valley was limited by the agreement of Indigenous communities in the area.
    • Europeans were often involved in ongoing conflicts between neighbouring peoples.

    Belshaw et al – Chapter 1: The Great Confederacies

    • The Haudenosaunee are considered to be a more agrarian society than the Anishinaabe, reflecting different territory and resource management structures.
    • The Haudenosaunee communities had a higher population density and network of villages than their foraging neighbours.
    • The St. Lawrence region was a vital location for the exchange of trade goods and other items amongst various Indigenous groups.

    Belshaw et al – Chapter 1: The Great Confederacies (Wendat Confederacy)

    • The Wendat Confederacy brought together five Iroquoian-speaking communities
    • The Wendat were known for their agricultural practices (farming communities organized along clan lines), reflected in their use of palisades.
    • The Wendat villages were wiped out between 1550 and 1580, representing a significant shift in the political and economic landscape.

    Rather... Dispersal, not destruction

    • The Wendat, although experiencing destruction in Wendake, still carried on and moved away with their ancestral lands.
    • There is an emphasis on a narrative that does not depict Indigenous experiences as inevitably destined for disappearance.

    Settler Colonialism

    • Settler colonialism is a deliberate physical occupation of land and resource, motivated by access to that territory and its resources rather than race or other factors.
    • This form of colonialism removes and replaces, instead of living alongside or integrating with Indigenous peoples.

    Civilization/Savagery Binary

    • The "civilization/savagery binary" is a pervasive stereotype that emerged to support the material, cultural, and ideological goals of the colonizing enterprise..
    • This distinction marginalized Indigenous peoples, placing them on the periphery.

    Defining Colonialism – 3 general types (as per Belshaw, et al.)

    • Type 1, Colonialism: Temporary, seasonal resource extraction (i.e. Basque and Breton fishing).
    • Type 2, Colonialism: Get-rich-quick schemes (i.e. Spanish in the Caribbean Basin, focused on plundering and pillage).
    • Type 3, Colonialism: Planter model of European colonialism (i.e. Spanish on Caribbean Islands), driven by investment and the establishment of empires, dependent on Indigenous labor (often forced), focused on the exploitation of Indigenous people and their displacement.

    Wabanaki Resistance

    • The Wabanaki confederacy is composed of Algonquian language-speaking peoples in the Atlantic seaboard, including Abenaki, Mi'kmaq, Wolastoqiyik, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot.

    The Mourning Wars / The Beaver Wars

    • A series of 17th-century conflicts between the Haudenosaunee and other Indigenous peoples, largely aligned with the French, centered in the St. Lawrence River Valley and the Great Lakes region.
    • The motivations behind these wars seem to have been multifaceted, but often involved conflicts across territories and interests over resources such as the beaver, contributing to an era of significant shifts in power and relationships within the landscape of the North-East.

    Mourning/Beaver Wars – 17th century

    • Warfare practices by the Iroquois were shaped by their existing social organization.
    • The conflicts expanded geographically, and encompassed various Indigenous groups (e.g., Abenaki, Susquehannocks, Shawnees, Quapaws, Ojibwas, refugee Hurons, and Sioux).
    • Adoption of firearms influenced the need for alliances in the fur trade, impacting dynamic innovations and alliances.

    The Great Peace of Montreal - 1701

    • In 1701, some 39 Indigenous nations (roughly 1300 delegates) convened in Montreal to negotiate a regional peace.
    • The French governor, Louis-Hector de Callière, played a role in the negotiations, though the Wendat (Huron) seem to have largely conducted them.
    • The negotiations led to a wider peace agreement between nations but did not stop further conflict to the south/west.

    The Seven Years' War – a turning point

    • The Seven Years War (1756-1763), also known as the French and Indian War, was a global conflict between European powers.
    • Indigenous nations were drawn into the conflict on different sides (e.g. Wabanaki with France, Haudenosaunee with England).

    The Royal Proclamation of 1763

    • The Royal Proclamation of 1763 attempted to manage the aftermath of the Seven Years' War, dealing with territorial claims and Indigenous sovereignty.
    • It aimed to establish clear guidelines for governance in British North America.
    • It also established a process for negotiating with/treating Indigenous groups.

    Treaty of Niagara - 1764

    • The Treaty of Niagara in 1764 saw the attendance of over two thousand chiefs and twenty-four Indigenous nations.
    • Sir William Johnson presented the Covenant Chain belt, reinforcing the agreement to live together rather than as subjects.

    Hudson's Bay Company

    • The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) received exclusive trading rights within its given territory, in 1670, along with political authority.
    • This charter was a key factor that motivated British colonial ambitions.

    North-West Company

    • The North-West Company (NWC) did not have a royal charter.
    • Organizational solidarity was based on personal and familial connections.
    • The company expanded inland trading after 1763, becoming increasingly reliant on Indigenous trade networks and knowledge.

    Fur Trade

    • The fur trade involved trapping and trading beaver, mink, marten, otter, fisher, muskrat, and fox fur in the 1600s-1800s.
    • The fur trade resulted in widespread depletion of beaver populations
    • The trade also spurred the hunting of bison to provide robes and other goods, leading to their extinctions.

    Key Terms for Today

    • Ethnogenesis: Formation of an ethnic group.
    • Peoplehood & Nationhood: Conceptualizing distinctive groups of people through social relations and world views.
    • Peoplehood: Describes the collective identity and shared elements of a community.
    • Nationhood: Refers to the political projects of group unification that promotes common political goals and desires for self-governance.

    Takeaways re: Fur Trade in the late 18th Century

    • By the late 1700s, there was intermarriage between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people involved in the fur trade across Rupert's Land.

    The Importance of Women in the Fur Trade

    • Women were critical for survival and economic success in the fur trade.
    • Their knowledge of the country, roles as mothers, guides, negotiators, interpreters, and workers were essential.

    What is Métis Peoplehood?

    • Métis peoplehood is defined through kinship, relatedness, mobility, and geography.
    • Kinship encompasses relationships within the Métis community and with other groups.
    • Mobility refers to movement through and occupation of space, giving meaning to place through connections to multiple landscapes.
    • Geography is a crucial aspect, shaping their worldview and practical activities.

    The Métis Nation; Key moments of nationalist expression / assertion

    • Key moments in Métis nationalist expression (e.g., Red River Core, Battle of Seven Oaks, the Sayer Trial, Red River Resistance, North West Resistance, contemporary political resurgence.)

    The Pemmican Wars (1812-21)

    • The disputes between the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and North West Company (NWC), along with provisioning routes disruption, led to the Pemmican Proclamations and wars.
    • Food insecurity, resulting from disruption of provisioning routes and policies, triggered violence and conflict.
    • The conflicts between the HBC and the NWC, along with Métis allies, signified an understanding of the desire for recognition of self-determination among the Métis.

    The Battle of Seven Oaks

    • On June 19, 1816, the Battle of Seven Oaks occurred which involved Métis aligned with the NWC and Selkirk settlers led by Robert Semple.
    • The incident resulted in fighting, violence, death causing the deaths of 21 HBC employees and one Métis.

    Significance of First Nations Women in the Emergence of the Métis

    • First Nations women played an integral role in the acculturation and integration process for the emerging Métis community, impacting Métis cultural development by upholding Indigenous cultural values.
    • The women's kinship ties helped create new Métis bands and enabled their survival.

    Indigenous Fur Trade

    • Indigenous groups (e.g., Plains Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux) participated significantly in roles within the fur trade including middlemen, suppliers, labourers, and consumers, but had different roles than the Métis.
    • The significance of the roles of Indigenous people in the fur trade should not be overshadowed or marginalized to not imply racial hierarchy due to their experience outside of the Métis.

    nêhiyaw pwât - terminology

    • nêhiyaw pwât is the self-ascription term for Cree Assiniboine.

    nêhiyaw pwât

    • nêhiyaw pwât is a political and military alliance that originally involved Cree and Assiniboine peoples, which later developed into a wider alliance including Métis and Saulteaux peoples.

    The Red River Resistance (1869-70)

    • The Red River Resistance was an assertion and defense against Canada's unilateral acquisition of their territory.
    • Métis, led by the French Métis initially, asserted political, cultural, and territorial rights through negotiations and forming a government.

    The Manitoba Act: Promises Made

    • The Manitoba Act granted royal assent in 1870, acknowledging Manitoba as a province and stipulating boundaries and land grant provisions.
    • This act guaranteed some initial guarantees for religious and language rights to some Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups in Manitoba.
    • It did not provide any amnesty to the leaders of the Red River Resistance.

    The Frog Lake Incident (1885)

    • In 1885, the Cree, led by Chief Big Bear, protested the actions of the Canadian government.
    • The incident involved the killing of the Indian Agent and other men, who sought food for their people.
    • The government responded by hunting and capturing Big Bear and his people to avoid further hardship.

    The Indian Act - 1876

    • The Indian Act of 1876 significantly impacted the lives and cultures of Status Indians.
    • It granted the state extensive powers in areas such as status determination, band governance, land ownership, and economic activities, greatly interfering in the daily lives of Aboriginal peoples.

    Scrip

    • Scrip, individual land entitlements, emerged during the fur trade era.
    • Scrip processes varied widely throughout Manitoba and the North-West, and its convoluted nature led to fraud, abuses, and dispossession.

    Amendments to the Manitoba Act

    • The Manitoba Act underwent numerous amendments between 1873 and 1884, resulting in a reduction in eligibility for land allotments and an altered distribution of scrip.
    • These amendments involved attempts to determine eligibility for scrip and land allotments in a changing political and economic environment.
    • Initially, there were attempts to determine who was eligible for land, before eventually reducing eligibility.

    Scrip in Manitoba

    • Determination of scrip eligibility was problematic and often involved inconsistencies in authorization throughout the application process.
    • Discriminatory laws were introduced in 1886, furthering the dispossession of Indigenous people’s rights to land.

    Land vs. Money Scrip

    • Children of Manitoba Métis received land grants whereas adults were granted scrip instead in a similar process to address historical land claims.

    Scrip in the North-West

    • Scrip processes in the Northwest differed from those in Manitoba, leading to inconsistencies and inequities in land claims and resource distribution that were also related to the underlying promise of compensation for settlement lands.

    The Trial of Louis Riel – an overview

    • Louis Riel faced charges of treason in 1885, relating to the Red River Resistance for which Riel was sentenced to death.
    • The trial itself, including jury composition and the legal process surrounding Riel's trial, was met with controversy and challenges of due process.
    • The legal issues surrounding the trials and sentencing of Riel drew attention to wider systemic issues surrounding the laws and treatment of people within Canadian society.

    Road Allowance communities

    • Road allowances are typically uncultivated land granted alongside roadways for the building or maintenance of road infrastructure, and were often settled by Métis due to the associated lack of formal documentation or control over these lands.
    • These Métis settlements frequently faced challenges with land ownership and access to essential services and resources.

    Métis and Inuit Experiences

    • Métis children were less represented in public and residential schools compared with Indigenous students, facing significant historical underrepresentation.
    • Inuit peoples received little attention from the government until the mid-twentieth century, and as the Cold War ramped up, the Canadian presence in Arctic communities increased, leading to the establishment of new residential schools run from Ottawa.

    After the War - Discrimination

    • Following the wars, Indigenous contributions were minimized.
    • Indigenous veterans faced discrimination, lacking access to shared funds for veterans' benefits and burials, as well as facing discrimination in obtaining compensation for service.

    The Settlement of Ste. Madeleine – 1900s

    • Ste. Madeleine settlements experienced dispossession of ancestral lands, leading to difficulties associated with establishing local settlements outside of previously established territorial boundaries.
    • This involved conflict between Métis settlers and landowners, alongside the land being used for other purposes, highlighting the struggle for land rights and resources.

    L'Union nationale métisse St. Joseph du Manitoba

    • L'Union nationale métisse St. Joseph du Manitoba is an organization founded in 1887 in St. Vital, Manitoba, representing Métis people who fought at Batoche in 1885.

    James Patrick Brady / Malcolm Norris

    • James Patrick Brady and Malcolm Norris were two prominent Métis individuals active in the early to mid-20th century, working in the area alongside other Métis and Indigenous peoples.

    Ewing Commission – 1934 – shifting the narrative

    • The Ewing Commission in 1934 sought to address the significant poverty and difficulties experienced by Métis peoples, addressing the issues as a history of their attempts to uphold their constitutional rights against encroaching capital interests.

    AB Métis Settlements Established in 1938

    • Alberta passed the Métis Population Betterment Act in 1938 to alleviate existing difficulties experienced by Métis peoples and to establish settlements including 12 settlements comprising over 1.25 million acres of land, including Buffalo Lake, Cold Lake, etc.

    Broader Contexts – late 1920s & 1930s

    • The Great Depression, a global economic crisis, occurred during the late 1920s and 1930s, impacting Canada severely.
    • High unemployment, poverty, and widespread bankruptcies were widespread.
    • Severe drought, grasshopper plagues, and hailstorms in Canadian prairies caused crop failures.

    The Dust Bowl

    • The Dust Bowl was a period of severe drought, soil erosion, and dust storms during the 1930s, primarily affecting the Canadian prairies and parts of the US.
    • The drought came after significant wheat production efforts that led to large scale land abandonment to increase crop yield.

    The Burning of Ste. Madeleine – 1935-1938

    • Ste. Madeleine, in 1935, was designated as a community pasture under the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act.
    • The community was poorly supported by resources leading to forced relocation, burning of their homes, and the destruction of their school and church.

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    Test your knowledge on the interactions between Indigenous groups and colonial forces, particularly focusing on the Iroquois and their diplomatic strategies. This quiz explores significant historical events like the Great Peace of Montréal and the impact of colonial models on Indigenous communities.

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