Developmental Psychology Chapter Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT considered a factor that contributes to positive development in children?

Bonds to caring adults outside the family

Exposure to six stressors (correct)

Connections to positive organizations

Connections to extended family

What is a cohort, as defined in the text?

A group of people who have similar socioeconomic backgrounds

A group of people who share a common interest or activity

A group of people born at a similar time in history (correct)

A group of people who live in the same geographic location

What are the three primary processes that influence human development?

Biological, psychological, and social

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

Genetic, environmental, and cultural

Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional (correct)

What are some examples of milestones in human development?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these areas are NOT considered as key aspects of supportive family networks?

Attending effective schools (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental challenge during the first year of life?

Trust versus mistrust (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the role of social interaction in cognitive development?

Lev Vygotsky (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which of Erikson's stages does a child develop a sense of self-reliance and independence?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt (B) Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, which stage is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and logically?

Formal Operational (B) Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's stages represent which of the following?

A series of psychosocial crises (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories is most likely to use standardized tests?

Ethological theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is least likely to be used by psychoanalytic theories?

Experimental research (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the information-processing theory?

The analogy between the brain and a computer in terms of memory and thinking (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage, according to Piaget, does a child start to use symbols and language to represent the world?

Preoperational (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is most likely to be used by both behavioral and cognitive theories?

Experimental Research (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research methods is LEAST likely to be used by any of the theories discussed?

Standardized tests (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information presented, what is the primary difference between Piaget and Vygotsky's theories?

Vygotsky emphasizes the role of social interaction while Piaget focuses on individual cognition (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical guideline that requires researchers to inform participants about the purpose of a study after it is completed?

Debriefing (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an ethical consideration for research involving children?

Minimizing bias (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding gender bias in research?

Focusing on predominantly one gender (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cultural and ethnic bias in research?

Ensuring the research is applicable to all cultures (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of naturalistic observation?

It occurs in real-world settings. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does correlational research primarily seek to identify?

Relationships between variables. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In a classic experimental design, what is the purpose of a control group?

To provide a baseline for comparison. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which research design involves observing individuals at different ages concurrently?

Cross-sectional design. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When conducting a case study, what is the primary focus?

A single person or situation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of standardized tests?

They provide a uniform measure for comparisons. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In experimental research, what is manipulated?

Independent variable (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of using surveys as a data collection method?

Respondents may provide dishonest answers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?

Observing scientifically measurable behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the concept of classical conditioning in psychology?

Ivan Pavlov (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory emphasize?

The influence of environmental factors on behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

What key concept did Konrad Lorenz contribute to ethological theory?

Imprinting (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Skinner's operant conditioning change behavior?

By altering behavior through rewards and punishments (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Bowlby argue about the significance of attachment during infancy?

It has lasting consequences throughout the lifespan (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism often directed at the behavioral theories of psychology?

They overlook biological influences on behavior (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development?

Human growth is influenced by multiple interconnected systems (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of resilient children according to the text?

High levels of anxiety (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'cross-cultural studies' in child development?

Comparing and contrasting developmental patterns across different cultures (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT directly mentioned as contributing to a child's resilience?

High levels of stress and trauma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary message conveyed by the passage about improving the lives of children?

Social policy plays a crucial role in creating a supportive environment for children. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'sociocultural contexts' in child development?

They play a vital role in shaping a child's experiences, beliefs, and development. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main strategy for improving the lives of children when families fail to provide adequate support?

Implement social policies to assist families and children in need. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the significance of 'culture' in understanding child development?

Culture is a dynamic set of shared beliefs and behaviors that influence child development. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main goal of the book as presented in the passage?

To explore the complex and multifaceted nature of child development. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Child Development - Introduction

The book is titled Child Development, 16th Edition, by John W. Santrock, Kirby Deater-Deckard, and Jennifer E. Lansford.
Learning changes everything.
Learning goals include identifying areas needing improvement in children's lives, explaining resilience and social policy roles, discussing key developmental processes, periods, and issues, and summarizing research importance, related theories, methods, and challenges.

Caring for Children

Examines development and contemporary topics of concern related to children's well-being.

Improving the Lives of Children

Discusses sociocultural contexts and diversity, including:
- Context (setting)
- Culture (passed behaviors and beliefs across generations)
- Cross-cultural studies (comparing 2+ cultures)
- Ethnicity (cultural heritage, race, and language)
- Socioeconomic status (SES) [position in society]
- Gender

Resilience is linked to social policy, good self-control, intellectual functioning, close parent/adult relationships.
Strategies for improving children's lives include improvements in social policy for families.
Governments may intervene when families fail or endanger a child's well-being.

Characteristics of Resilient Children

Individual characteristics: good intellectual functioning, appealing personality, high self-esteem, talents, and faith.
Family characteristics: close relationships with caring parents, authoritative parenting (warmth, structure, high expectations), socioeconomic advantages, and supportive family networks.
Extrafamilial context characteristics: bonds with caring adults outside the family, connections to positive organizations, and attending effective schools.

Exposure to Stressors

A chart (Figure 3) shows the percentages of poor and middle-income children exposed to stressors: family turmoil; child separation; exposure to violence; crowding; excessive noise; and poor housing quality.

Developmental Processes, Periods, and Issues

Psychologists studying development focus on shared characteristics and unique traits of individuals; they explore the path and milestones of human development.

Changes in Development

Development results from biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, which interact as individuals develop.

Processes and Periods of Development

Diagram illustrates prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle/late childhood, and adolescence as periods of development, with biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes interconnected throughout.

Cohort Effects

Cohorts are groups born around the same time in history.
Examples include those who grew up during the Great Depression and World War II.
Cohort effects are due to era, not necessarily age (e.g., Millennials).

Issues in Development

Nature-nurture issue: extent of biological vs. environmental factors in development.
Continuity-discontinuity issue: gradual change vs. distinct stages in development.
Early-later experience issue: influence of early and later events on development.

The Science of Child Development

The science examines:
- How parents nurture their children.
- How peers interact.
- Ways children's thinking evolves over time.
- Links between screen time and obesity.
- Whether interventions can mitigate negative effects of neglect.
- Mentoring's impact on children's achievements.

The Importance of Research

Scientific research is objective, testable, and provides answers to questions.
The scientific method has four steps: problem, data collection, data analysis, and conclusion.
A theory is a broad explanation, a hypothesis is a testable prediction.

Psychoanalytic Theories

Sigmund Freud proposed five psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital).
Erik Erikson proposed psychosocial stages (eight stages with social motivation and crises).

Freudian Stages (Figure 7)

A table outlining the five stages: Oral (birth-1.5 yrs) - Pleasure centers on the mouth; Anal (1.5-3 yrs) - Pleasure focused on the anus; Phallic (3-6 yrs) - Pleasure on genitals; Latency (6 yrs-puberty) - Repression of sexual interest, social & intellectual skills develop; Genital (puberty onwards) - Sexual reawakening.

Erikson's Eight Life-Span Stages (Figure 8)

A table outlining the stages across the lifespan- Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, and Integrity vs Despair.

Cognitive Theories

Jean Piaget (four stages): organization and unknown second process.
Lev Vygotsky: argued that children actively construct their knowledge.
Cognitive Information Processing: draws parallels between computers and brains

Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Figure 9)

A table outlining four stages- Sensorimotor: Infants construct understanding of the world through coordinating sensory with physical actions. Birth-2 yrs; Preoperational: Child represents the world with words & images. 2-7 yrs; Concrete Operational: Child reasons logically about concrete events and classify objects. 7-11 yrs; Formal Operational: Adolescent reasons in abstract, idealistic, and logical ways. 11 years - adulthood.

Behaviorism studies observable data.
Pavlov's classical conditioning: neutral stimulus produces a response.
John Watson and Rosalie Raynor demonstrated classical conditioning in humans.
Skinner's operant conditioning: behavior changes due to rewards and punishments.
Bandura's social-cognitive theory: behavior influenced by environment & cognition.

A triangular model depicting the interaction between behavior, person/cognition, and environment.

Ethological Theory

Ethology studies biology tied to evolution.
Konrad Lorenz's imprinting studies in goslings.
John Bowlby's attachment theory: attachment in the first year impacts the entire lifespan.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory (Figure 11)

The model depicts concentric circles representing different ecological systems, including the microsystem (immediate environment), mesosystem (interactions between microsystems), exosystem (indirect influences), macrosystem (cultural values), and chronosystem (time).

Research Methods for Collecting Data

Observation (highly systematic, lab-based, naturalistic).
Surveys (questionnaires, interviews).
Standardized tests.
Case studies (in-depth look at individuals).
Physiological measures (e.g., hormone levels).

Parents' Explanations of Science (Figure 13)

A bar graph showing the percentage of parent-child interactions in which parents explained science concepts to their children, with differences between boys and girls.

Brain Imaging of Adolescents (Figure 14)

Brain images illustrating differences or changes in brain activity related to teenage development (left and right hemispheres).

Research Designs

Descriptive research: Observe and record behavior.
Correlation research: Finds relationships.
Experimental research: Factors influencing behaviors, independent vs dependent variables. Experimental and control groups.
Time span research (developmental): lifespan developments
Cross-sectional approach [different ages at the same time]
Longitudinal approach [same individuals at different times]

Possible Explanations of Correlations (Figure 15)

Explains that correlation doesn't equal causation; other factors may be involved in a correlation (parents’ parenting style, children's problems, genetics, socioeconomic status).

Connections of Research Methods to Theories(Figure 17)

Relates different research approaches to a variety of theoretical perspectives (Observation, Survey/Interviews, Standardized test, Correlational, Experimental, Cross-sectional/longitudinal)

Conducting Ethical Research

APA ethical guidelines for research: informed consent; confidentiality; debriefing; and deception (in some instances).

Minimizing Bias

Importance of conducting unbiased studies; avoiding gender and cultural biases.

Review

Summarizes the key elements discussed in the chapter: areas needing improvement in children's lives, developmental processes, periods, issues, importance of research, key theories, and research methods .

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in developmental psychology with this quiz. Questions cover topics from Erikson's stages to cognitive development theories. Challenge yourself to see how well you grasp the factors influencing human growth and milestones.