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Questions and Answers
What is one potential reason for the disparity in mental health diagnoses between different genders?
How does socio-economic status correlate with the likelihood of developing mental health problems in adolescents?
What psychological stressor is noted as having similar effects as poverty for BIPOC individuals?
What is a consideration when diagnosing mental health issues in individuals from different socio-economic backgrounds?
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Which of the following factors is NOT considered a dimension of poverty linked to mental health disorders?
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Which principle of cognitive behavioral theory states that altering one's thoughts can lead to behavioral and emotional change?
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What does the 'B' in the ABC model of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy stand for?
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According to cognitive therapy, what term describes the internal representations of stored information and experiences?
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Who is considered the founder of the cognitive model?
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Which belief pattern is considered maladaptive and expressed in absolutist terms according to Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy?
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What are Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) primarily a result of?
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What aspect does cognitive theory emphasize as influencing emotions and behavior?
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Which of the following is NOT a level of cognition outlined in the cognitive model?
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What is a potential consequence of labeling individuals with mental health diagnoses?
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What was the key finding from Rosenhan’s 1973 study regarding psychiatric labels?
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Which of the following interventions has shown to be effective in reducing stigma in the general population?
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Why is it suggested that diagnostic labels should be used carefully?
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What evidence suggests a shift in the societal perception of mental health issues?
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What is identified as a characteristic of strong diagnostic systems related to measuring mental disorders?
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Which type of validity addresses whether a diagnostic category can estimate an individual’s current factors not included in diagnostic criteria?
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Which term describes the extent to which two clinicians agree on the diagnosis of a particular patient?
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What significant development occurred in 1948 regarding mental health disorders?
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What does predictive validity assess in a diagnostic system?
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What was a major limitation of the ICD system that prompted the American Psychiatric Association to create the DSM?
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Which of the following was included in DSM-I under the major category of disorders?
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What is the term for a diagnostic system's ability to predict the future outcomes for an individual?
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What is one of the primary purposes of the WAIS-IV?
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Which type of test is the Rorschach test considered?
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What benefit does the Exner system provide in interpreting Rorschach results?
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How is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) primarily administered?
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Why is it important to evaluate IQ scores within contextual norms?
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What is one characteristic of a projective test?
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What does the term 'processing speed tests' in WAIS-IV refer to?
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What was the purpose of developing the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Theories
- Cognitive Behavioral Theory posits that thinking and behavior are learned and can be altered.
- Core principles include:
- Thoughts influence emotions and behaviors.
- Thoughts can be tracked and modified.
- Changing thoughts leads to changes in behavior and emotions.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- Developed by Albert Ellis, REBT focuses on addressing irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress.
- The ABC model explains that consequences (C) from events (A) are influenced by beliefs (B).
- Common irrational beliefs include "things must always go right" and "I must be loved at all times," which are maladaptive and absolutist.
Cognitive Theory and Therapy
- Aaron Beck, founder of the cognitive model, argues that emotions and behaviors are affected by individual perceptions of events.
- Three levels of cognition:
- Schemas: Internal frameworks that organize experiences.
- Information processing and intermediate beliefs: How we interpret information.
- Automatic thoughts: Immediate, often unconscious thoughts that arise.
Schemas
- Schemas help individuals make sense of new information but can lead to negative self-perceptions (e.g., feeling unlovable).
- Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) arise from negative childhood experiences and can be triggered by life events.
- Cognitive content might vary according to different disorders, related to biases in diagnostic criteria.
Race and Poverty
- BIPOC individuals often reside in economically disadvantaged areas, limiting opportunities.
- Prejudice, as exemplified by President Trump’s 2017 travel ban, exacerbates stress in BIPOC communities.
- Socio-economic disadvantage increases the likelihood of mental health issues in adolescents.
- Social factors such as education, housing, and class significantly influence mental health outcomes.
Diagnostic Systems
- Strong diagnostic systems require reliability (consistent measurement) and validity (accurate prediction of disorders).
- Inter-rater reliability assesses agreement between clinicians on diagnoses.
- Concurrent validity examines the relevance of diagnostic categories seen in those diagnosed.
Mental Disorder Classification History
- In 1948, the WHO expanded its classification to include mental disorders in the ICD.
- The DSM, created by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952, addresses deficiencies in ICD but has faced criticism.
- Societal perceptions of mental disorders can hinder individuals from seeking help.
- Educational interventions can help reduce stigma and increase awareness.
Critique of Diagnosis
- Diagnostic labels can oversimplify complex human traits, leading to misunderstandings.
- A diagnosis may not encompass a person's full experience but can facilitate communication between professionals and patients.
- Rosenhan's study highlighted how labels may cause bias, as "pseudo-patients" experienced being misdiagnosed despite displaying normal behavior.
Intelligence Testing
- The WAIS-IV measures various intelligence dimensions through core and supplementary subtests.
- IQ evaluations should consider cultural and demographic contexts.
Personality Assessment
- Personality assessments characterize unique traits of individuals.
- Projective tests encourage respondents to project their unconscious motives onto ambiguous stimuli.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
- Developed via inkblots that participants interpret; responses reveal personality traits.
- Clinicians historically used personal approaches for response interpretation; the Exner system standardized scoring to enhance reliability.
- R-PAS was created to provide an evidence-based method for test administration and interpretation.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Participants must create stories about ambiguous social interaction images, offering insights into their motivations and personality.
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Description
Explore the principles of Cognitive Behavioral Theory and Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) through this quiz. Learn how thoughts influence emotions and behaviors, and understand the ABC model of REBT. This quiz will help deepen your understanding of cognitive approaches to emotional distress.
