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Questions and Answers
What is the primary advantage of using a positive test strategy in hypothesis testing?
What is the primary advantage of using a positive test strategy in hypothesis testing?
What does it imply when a hypothesis is not supported in a practical report analysis?
What does it imply when a hypothesis is not supported in a practical report analysis?
What is a key characteristic of abstract tasks used to investigate reasoning?
What is a key characteristic of abstract tasks used to investigate reasoning?
What is a common strategy employed in hypothesis testing to avoid confirmation bias?
What is a common strategy employed in hypothesis testing to avoid confirmation bias?
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What is a limitation of Popper's emphasis on falsification?
What is a limitation of Popper's emphasis on falsification?
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In the context of hypothesis testing, what is the primary goal of removing caffeine to observe its effect on insomnia?
In the context of hypothesis testing, what is the primary goal of removing caffeine to observe its effect on insomnia?
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Which of the following design flaws can lead to incorrect hypothesis testing?
Which of the following design flaws can lead to incorrect hypothesis testing?
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What is the primary goal of hypothesis falsification?
What is the primary goal of hypothesis falsification?
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What is a potential advantage of using real-world environments for hypothesis testing?
What is a potential advantage of using real-world environments for hypothesis testing?
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According to Klayman and Ha (1987), what is the primary driver of hypothesis testing strategies?
According to Klayman and Ha (1987), what is the primary driver of hypothesis testing strategies?
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What is the role of counterfactual thinking in hypothesis testing?
What is the role of counterfactual thinking in hypothesis testing?
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Which of the following is a consequence of confirmation bias in hypothesis testing?
Which of the following is a consequence of confirmation bias in hypothesis testing?
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What is the primary objective of falsification as a hypothesis testing strategy?
What is the primary objective of falsification as a hypothesis testing strategy?
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Which cognitive bias is characterized by selectively seeking information that confirms one's existing beliefs?
Which cognitive bias is characterized by selectively seeking information that confirms one's existing beliefs?
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What is the primary limitation of Wason's 2-4-6 task?
What is the primary limitation of Wason's 2-4-6 task?
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What is the key characteristic that distinguishes scientific from unscientific activities?
What is the key characteristic that distinguishes scientific from unscientific activities?
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What is the primary goal of hypothesis testing in scientific inquiry?
What is the primary goal of hypothesis testing in scientific inquiry?
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Which of the following is an example of a flawed research design?
Which of the following is an example of a flawed research design?
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Study Notes
Hypothesis Testing
- A positive test strategy can lead to conclusive falsification if the circumstances are right.
- In hypothesis testing, a positive test strategy involves actively seeking evidence to disconfirm a hypothesis.
Hypothesis Testing in Science
- In a scientific experiment, if a hypothesis is not supported, it could mean:
- The hypothesis is incorrect
- There is a problem with the design
- There is a problem with the data
- Hypothesis testing is not limited to laboratory settings; it can be applied to real-life scenarios.
Real-World Applications of Hypothesis Testing
- Example: Testing the hypothesis that insomnia is caused by caffeine; a positive test strategy would involve removing caffeine to see if it solves the insomnia.
Importance of Control in Hypothesis Testing
- Control is essential in hypothesis testing to remove extraneous variables and ensure that all participants have the same information.
- This allows for targeted manipulation of task aspects and examination of context impact.
Critique of Popper's Emphasis on Falsification
- Popper's emphasis on falsification is oversimplified; it is more appropriate to think of it as a positive test strategy rather than confirmation bias.
Inductive Reasoning
- Inductive reasoning involves forming generalizations from examples or sample phenomena; these generalizations may be probable but not certain.
Wason's 2-4-6 Task
- Participants are asked to discover a rule by generating number triples; only 21% of participants correctly discovered the rule with their first triple.
- This task demonstrates the confirmation bias, as participants tend to seek evidence that verifies their hypothesis rather than searching for evidence that might disconfirm it.
Confirmation Bias
- Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek or give more weight to evidence that confirms one's existing beliefs, while ignoring or downplaying evidence that contradicts them.
- Examples of confirmation bias include:
- A student only searching for information that confirms their research paper hypothesis
- A reporter only interviewing experts who support their views on an issue
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Description
Test your knowledge of cognitive science, reasoning, and problem-solving strategies. This quiz covers topics such as Wason's 2-4-6 task and information theory approaches.