Psychology Chapter on Recognition and Reasoning

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

To develop empirical understandings of users (correct)

To make technology as complex as possible

To minimize user involvement in technological design

To create machines that function without user input

How is HCI related to User Experience (UX) design?

HCI and UX design are completely separate fields

HCI is considered the predecessor to UX design (correct)

HCI is a subset of UX design

UX design is considered the predecessor to HCI

Which of the following technologies has HCI contributed to developing?

Photographic film

Virtual reality (correct)

Mechanical clocks

Manual typewriters

What does Daniela Rus believe about the future of HCI?

It will facilitate better collaboration between humans and machines Signup and view all the answers

In terms of technology interaction, what critical aspect does HCI address?

Improving how machines serve human needs Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does Daniel Jackson have regarding user interaction design?

It's central to the essence of design Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do Dexta haptic gloves serve in a virtual reality environment?

To mimic touch sensations through joint movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of technology influenced by HCI?

Telegrams Signup and view all the answers

What future advancements does the field of HCI potentially promise?

Enhanced collaboration between humans and machines Signup and view all the answers

How does pre-touch sensing technology aim to improve user interaction with smartphones?

By predicting user actions before explicit commands Signup and view all the answers

What innovative capability does PaperID technology offer?

It transforms paper into a touchscreen responsive to gestures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ganglion cells in the visual system?

To detect patterns and movement in visual input Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of visual perception refers to how much of a view an object occupies in relation to distance from the eye?

Visual angle Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary stages of vision as described in the content?

Physical reception and processing/interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What influences human capabilities as mentioned in the context of information processing?

Emotional states and experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of visual acuity in human vision?

It indicates the ability to perceive detail Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning derives logical conclusions from premises while inductive reasoning generalizes from cases seen. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of chunking in skill acquisition?

Group problems into smaller, manageable sets for better processing. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that emotion originates from our interpretation of physiological responses?

James-Lange Theory Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning involves deriving potential causes from observed events?

Abductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

How does positive affect influence problem-solving according to the provided information?

It enhances creative problem-solving. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of errors, how do 'slips' differ from 'mistakes'?

Slips are due to poor physical skills with the right intention, while mistakes arise from misinterpretation. Signup and view all the answers

What does the problem space theory suggest regarding problem-solving?

It involves generating possible states using defined operators. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes negative affect in relation to task performance?

It can make even simple tasks more challenging. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory acts as a buffer for stimuli received through senses?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the average reaction time for auditory stimuli?

150ms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory?

Sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What supports inference in semantic memory structures?

Inheritance relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes proactive inhibition?

Old information interfering with recall of new information Signup and view all the answers

Which model organizes information into data structures featuring slots instantiated with values?

Frames Signup and view all the answers

What effect is created by spreading learning over time?

Distribution of practice effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of rehearsal in the memory process?

To transfer information from short-term to long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What does size constancy refer to?

Perception of familiar objects as having constant size despite changes in visual angle Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components that make up color?

Hue, intensity, and saturation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the auditory system is responsible for protecting and amplifying sound?

Outer ear Signup and view all the answers

How does the visual system compensate for ambiguity?

Using context to resolve uncertainty Signup and view all the answers

What types of receptors are involved in haptic perception?

Thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and mechanoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes saccades?

They facilitate the transition between fixation points Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the inner ear in the auditory system?

Releasing chemical transmitters and causing nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of pragmatics in language interpretation?

Inferring the listener's interpretation of a speaker's implication Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Recognition

Information gives knowledge of past encounters.
It is less complex than processed information.

Reasoning

Deductive reasoning: Derives logical conclusions from given premises, involves logical and rational thinking. It can be challenged when truth and logical validity clash.
Inductive reasoning: Generalizes from observed cases to unobserved cases, involving assumptions that may or may not be accurate.
Abductive reasoning: Reasons from an event to its cause, potentially leading to false explanations.

Problem-Solving

Process of finding solutions to unfamiliar tasks using existing knowledge.
Gestalt theory: Problem-solving involves both productive and reproductive processes, but lacks sufficient evidence to fully explain insight.
Problem space theory: Problem-solving involves generating states using legal operators within the human information processing system.

Skill Acquisition

Skilled activity is characterized by chunking, allowing for:
- Conceptual grouping of problems rather than superficial grouping.
- More effective information structuring.

Errors

Slips: Incorrect execution of a correct intention, caused by poor physical skills.
Mistakes: Incorrect intention based on misinterpretation, caused by incorrect understanding.

Emotion

Emotion involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli.
Affect: Biological response to physical stimuli, influencing reactions to situations.
- Positive affect: Promotes creative problem-solving.
- Negative affect: Can narrow thinking and hinder task performance, even for simple tasks.
Theories of emotion:
- James-Lange: Emotion arises from physiological responses to stimuli.
- Cannon: Emotion is a physiological response to stimuli.
- Schacter-Singer: Emotion results from evaluating physiological responses within the context of the situation.

Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

HCI focuses on designing computers and machines that best serve human users.
It is closely related to User Experience (UX) design and is considered its predecessor.

Why HCI Matters

HCI aims to improve the user experience by enabling better computer and machine interactions.
It has contributed to significant inventions like virtual reality, self-driving cars, and touch screen technologies.

The Future of HCI

Dexta haptic gloves: Mimic touch sensations in virtual reality by locking and unlocking finger joints.
Pre-touch sensing: Uses smartphones to predict user actions based on grip and finger position.
PaperID: Aims to digitize paper by making it a touchscreen, responding to gestures and connecting to the internet of things.

The Human

Information input/output: Visual, auditory, haptic, movement
Information stored in memory: Sensory, short-term, long-term
Information processed and applied: Reasoning, problem-solving, skill, error
Emotion: Influences human capabilities and abilities.

Vision

Two stages:
- Physical reception and function of stimuli.
- Processing and interpretation of stimuli.

The Eye

Physical reception mechanism: Receives light and converts it into electrical energy.
- Light from objects reflects into the eye.
- Retina contains rods (low-light vision) and cones (color vision).
- Ganglion cells collect visual information and detect patterns and movement.

Interpreting the Signal

Visual system compensates for:
- Movement
- Changes in luminance
Context is used to resolve ambiguity.
Optical illusions can occur due to overcompression.

Size and Depth

Visual angle: Defines how much of the view an object occupies, influenced by size and distance.
Visual acuity: Sharpness, ability to perceive detail, which is limited.
Size Constancy: Familiar objects are perceived as constant size, despite changes in visual angle when far away.

Brightness

Subjective reaction to light levels.
Influenced by luminance (light intensity).
Visual acuity and flicker increase with luminance.

Color

Composed of hue, intensity, and saturation.
Hue: Color and shade.
Intensity: Purity of a hue.
Saturation: Dominance of hue in the color.
Colorblindness: Affects 8% of males and 1% of females.

Auditory: Hearing

Provides information about the environment.
Physical apparatus:
- Outer ear: Protects inner ear and amplifies sound.
- Middle ear: Transmits sound waves as vibrations to the inner ear.
- Inner ear: Releases chemical transmitters, causing impulses in the auditory nerve.

Auditory: Hearing - Sound

Pitch: Sound frequency.
Loudness: Amplitude.
Timbre: Type or quality.
Humans hear frequencies from 20Hz to 15KHz.
The auditory system filters sounds and can focus on specific sounds over background noise.

Haptic: Touch

Provides feedback about the environment, especially crucial for visually impaired individuals.
Receptors in the skin:
- Thermoreceptors: Detect heat and cold.
- Nociceptors: Detect pain.
- Mechanoreceptors: Detect pressure or tension.

Movement

Reaction Time: Time taken to respond to a stimulus, including:
- Reaction Time: Time to initiate a response.
- Movement Time: Time to complete the movement.
Factors influencing Movement Time: Age, fitness, etc.
Factors influencing Reaction Time: Stimulus type.
- Visual: 200ms.
- Auditory: 150ms.
- Pain: 700ms.

Sensory Memory

Also known as working memory.
Buffers for stimuli received through senses:
- Iconic Memory: Visual stimuli.
- Echoic Memory: Aural stimuli.
- Haptic Memory: Tactile memory.

Short-Term Memory

Temporary storage for recall.
Fast access: 70ms.
Rapid decay: 200ms

Long-Term Memory

Repository for all knowledge with:
- Slow access.
- Slow decay.
- Large, potentially unlimited capacity.

Long-Term Memory Types

Two types:
- Episodic: Serial memory of events.
- Semantic: Structured memory of facts, concepts, and skills.

Semantic Memory Structure

Provides access to information.
Represents relationships between information.
Supports inference.

Semantic Network Model

Inheritance: Child nodes inherit properties of parent nodes.
Explicit and Precise: Relationships between information are explicitly and precisely defined.
Supports inference through inheritance.

Models of Long-Term Memory

Frames: Information organized in data structures with slots and values.
Scripts: Models for stereotypical information needed to interpret situations, with elements that can be instantiated with contextual values.
Production Rules: Represents procedural knowledge using condition/action rules: "If [condition] is met, then [action]."

LTM: Storage of Information

Rehearsal: Moves information from STM to LTM.
Total Time Hypothesis: Amount retained is proportional to rehearsal time, but learning can be optimized by spreading practice over time.

LTM: Forgetting

Decay: Information is gradually lost over time.
Interference:
- Retroactive: New information replaces old.
- Proactive: Older information interferes with new.

LTM: Retrieval

Recall: Reproducing information from memory, which can be aided by cues like categories or imagery.

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Description

Explore key concepts from psychology, focusing on recognition, reasoning types, problem-solving strategies, and skill acquisition. This quiz covers deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning, alongside relevant theories like Gestalt and problem space theory. Test your understanding of these fundamental cognitive processes.