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Questions and Answers
Which of the following represents the three self-schemas of self-awareness?
Which of the following represents the three self-schemas of self-awareness?
What is social comparison theory?
What is social comparison theory?
We learn about ourselves and our behaviors by comparing aspects of ourselves with others.
Downward social comparison helps create a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with those who are better than us.
Downward social comparison helps create a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with those who are better than us.
False
What do we call the trait characterized by overly high self-esteem and self-centeredness?
What do we call the trait characterized by overly high self-esteem and self-centeredness?
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Who pioneered the cognitive-construction theory?
Who pioneered the cognitive-construction theory?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's identity statuses?
Which of the following is NOT one of Erikson's identity statuses?
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What is an identity moratorium?
What is an identity moratorium?
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Freud suggested that awareness of one's own genitals leads to the development of gender roles.
Freud suggested that awareness of one's own genitals leads to the development of gender roles.
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Which theory suggests personality is formed based on interaction with other people?
Which theory suggests personality is formed based on interaction with other people?
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What are the two parts of the self according to the consciousness of self?
What are the two parts of the self according to the consciousness of self?
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Study Notes
The Self as Cognitive Construct
- Self-awareness encompasses three self-schemas: Actual self (current state), Ideal self (desired state), and Ought self (perceived obligations).
- Social Comparison Theory posits that individuals assess their behaviors and social status by comparing themselves to others.
- Downward social comparison enhances self-concept by comparing to others perceived as inferior; upward social comparison can lead to feelings of inadequacy by comparing to those perceived as superior.
- Self-evaluation maintenance theory suggests feeling threatened when someone close outperforms us.
- Narcissism is characterized by inflated self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centered attitudes.
Psychological Perspective
- The self in cognitive psychology is understood as contextual, integrating cognitive capacities and experiences.
- Cognitive-Construction (Constructivism) originated with Jean Piaget, emphasizing that knowledge is constructed through experiences and reflections.
- In psychology, the self is viewed as a continuous, unitary experience, distinct from others.
Proponents of Psychological Inquiry
- William James: Differentiated between subjective 'I' and objective 'me'.
- Sigmund Freud: Developed the concepts of Ego, Id, and Superego in psycho-sexual development.
- Carl Jung: Introduced the concepts of the self and the shadow.
- Melanie Klein: Proposed the idea of the fragmented self.
- Erik Erikson: Focused on self and identity throughout the life cycle, critiquing psycho-social development.
Self, Identity, and the Adolescent
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Erikson's theory of "Identity Crisis" was expanded by Marcia, identifying four identity statuses:
- Identity Diffusion: No identity crisis; lack of commitment to an identity.
- Identity Foreclosure: Accepted imposed identities without undergoing a crisis.
- Identity Moratorium: Experiencing a crisis with active exploration of identities, often resulting in confusion and rebellion.
- Identity Achievement: Resolution of crisis through evaluation and commitment to a chosen identity.
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Resolution of identity issues involves a transition from dependence to increased independence, often manifesting through rebellion and resistive behavior.
Factors Influencing Adolescent Identity Formation
- Effective parent-teen dynamics include negotiation, support, reassurance, personal viewpoint development, and fostering individuation.
Development of Gender Identity
- Distinct roles and identities should not be conflated; they are interrelated yet different concepts.
- Caution against treating sex, sexuality, and gender as synonymous; transgender identity is distinct from transsexuality.
Freudian Perspective
- Awareness of genitals leads to erotic fantasies, resulting in gender role identification with adult figures.
Social Learning Theories
- Main assumption: Adult awareness of a child's genitals prompts differential reinforcement, resulting in gender-appropriate behavior modeling.
- Drive Theory (Clark Hull): Personality is shaped by social interactions.
- Operant-Learning Theory (B.F. Skinner): Behavior is driven by external factors.
- Cognitive-Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): Behavioral patterns emerge from reinforcement and observational learning.
- Situation-Interaction Theory (Walter Mischel): Behavior is determined by the interaction between the individual and the environment.
Cognitive Development
- Gender identity acquisition involves labeling by others and internalizing gender roles based on this input.
Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
- Emphasizes that cognitive development is crucial in forming the conscious self divided into two aspects:
- "I": Represents pure ego and knowledge of self.
- "Me": Represents the self as understood through external perspectives.
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Description
Explore the complexities of self-awareness and self-concept through cognitive psychology. This quiz covers various self-schemas, the impact of social comparisons, and theories related to narcissism and self-evaluation. Test your understanding of these psychological constructs.
