Cognitive Psychology: Mental Representations

Mental Representations = How knowledge is stored and represented in our minds Pictorial Codes = Visual representations of ideas or concepts Verbal Codes = Encoding information through words Dual Coding Theory = Suggests memory is enhanced when information is encoded both verbally and visually

Images = Represent ideas more easily Words = Represent ideas less visually but can provide order Analog Representations = Use pictorial codes for knowledge representation Abstract Propositions = Use verbal codes for knowledge representation

Pictures = Easily recalled in any order Words = Easily recalled in proper order Rapid sequences of pictures = Memory encoded differently than words Images = Can represent some ideas more easily than words

<p>Standard laboratory experiments = Study basic memory processes Neuropsychological studies = Measure how the brain works Both pictorial and verbal codes = Used for mental representations Rapid sequencing studies = Explore memory recall differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neither images nor words fully represent reality = Imply limitations in knowledge representation Dual coding enhances memory = Suggests multiple recall pathways Visual memory differs from verbal memory = Indicates separate processing systems Decoding involves both images and words = Highlights the complexity of memory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men = Negotiating for the upper hand Women = Providing support and confirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social behavior abnormalities = Developmental disorder Echolalia = Repetitive speech behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prefrontal cortex = Involved in decision making Anterior cingulate cortex = Involved in evaluating risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Satisficing = Settling for 'good enough' options Judgment = Evaluating based on criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional speech development = About half do not develop Semantic encoding issues = Problems with understanding language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heuristics = Mental shortcuts in decision making Biases = Systematic errors in judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men = Avoiding failure Women = Reaching consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Decision Theory = Rational decision making Behavioral Decision Theory = Influence of psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual Code Theory = Pictorial and verbal representations Propositional Theory = Abstract relationships between elements Declarative Knowledge = What knowledge Procedural Knowledge = How knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concept = Fundamental unit of ideas Category = Group of shared concepts Exemplar = Typical representative of a category Prototype = An idealized version of a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Declarative Knowledge = Factual information Procedural Knowledge = Steps in a process Conceptual Knowledge = Understanding categories Contextual Knowledge = Dynamic understanding of concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implicit theories = Draws from personal experiences Feature Based Categorization = Based on characteristics Theory Based Categorization = Uses prototypes for understanding Dynamic Categorization = Relatively stable group of concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concrete representations = Salient elements in Dual Code Theory Abstract relationships = Focus of Propositional Theory Categorical features = Defining characteristics of categories Dynamic characteristics = Contextual knowledge elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototypes = Typical representatives in categorization Factual Information = Type of Declarative Knowledge Steps and Processes = Type of Procedural Knowledge Cognitive Processes = Basic elements leading to epiphenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual Code Theory = Combines pictorial and verbal codes Propositional Theory = Describes relationships abstractly Declarative Knowledge = Focuses on 'what' Procedural Knowledge = Focuses on 'how'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual Images = Often lack detailed accuracy Cognitive Processes = Basis for the experience of images Propositional Codes = Abstract representations of meaning Epiphenomena = Secondary effects of primary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Declarative Knowledge = Used to answer factual questions Procedural Knowledge = Applied in practical processes Conceptual Knowledge = Assists in categorization of ideas Contextual Knowledge = Adapts based on situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive Reasoning = From general principles to specific conclusions Inductive Reasoning = From observations to general theories Conditional Reasoning = Conclusions depend on if-then propositions Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas = Rules applied to goals like permissions or obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time Delay Trap = Choosing immediate rewards over long-term consequences Confirmation Bias = Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs Sunk Cost Fallacy = Continuing an endeavor once an investment has been made Availability Heuristic = Overestimating the likelihood of events based on recent experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If p, then q = Conditional reasoning statement All humans are mortal = Universal affirmative proposition Cassie is human = Specific instance within a universal Therefore, Cassie is mortal = Conclusion derived from premises</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seeing someone driving = Causal inference regarding age Credit card usage = Example of time delay trap Observation of a pattern = Basis for inductive reasoning If Area 51 is secured = Basis for a conditional reasoning fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prior beliefs = Influence on evaluating new conclusions Biases = Can lead to errors in decision-making Fallacies = Undermine logical reasoning processes Heuristics = Simplify decisions but may lead to errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reasoning = Process of drawing conclusions from principles or evidence Causal Inferences = Determining relationships between events Logical soundness = Ensured by deductive validity Real-world truth = Not guaranteed by deductive reasoning alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valid but false conclusion = Example: Area 51 and aliens Incorrect decision-making = Result of time delay traps Logical conclusion = Derived from deductive reasoning General theory formation = Outcome of inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive reasoning = Provides certainty if premises are true Inductive reasoning = Allows for generalization from specific observations Heuristics = May simplify complex decisions but can mislead Causal inferences = Help understand cause-and-effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generate and Test = Input, then test, then try again if failed Working Forward = Start at the beginning, moving one step at a time Working Backward = Start at the end, working back to the beginning Means-End Analysis = Divide problem into sub problems; reduce the difference between states</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generate and Test = Testing various passwords until one works Working Forward = Conducting step-by-step research Working Backward = Planning a trip by determining departure times Means-End Analysis = Finding solutions for distributing free shirts to members</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Gestalt View = Thinking of the problem in a new light Extended unconscious leaps = Involves rapid mental processing Short circuiting reasoning = Bypassing normal reasoning processes Productive thinking = Utilizing mental restructuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greatly accelerated mental processing = Increased speed of solving complex problems Utilizing productive thinking = Creative approaches to problem structuring Extended unconscious leaps = Sudden realizations occurring out of conscious thought Thinking as a whole = Viewing the problem from a broader perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Well-structured problems = Problems with clear parameters and solutions Ill-structured problems = Problems requiring insight for resolution Stepwise problems = Problems solved through gradual processes Integrated problems = Problems needing holistic understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starting from the end = Planning goals based on final outcomes Visioning = Creating a mental image of the desired solution Strategic planning = Organizing steps to reach a specific end Backward reasoning = Logical deduction from outcomes to causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Working Forward = Applicable to systematic research tasks Means-End Analysis = Effective for multi-step problem breakdowns Generate and Test = Useful in trial and error scenarios Working Backward = Ideal for reverse planning scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feature-based categories = Exclusive and rigid Prototype categories = Grouping based on characteristic features Classical concepts = Easily defined based on defining features Fuzzy concepts = Difficult to specify necessary features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Productive thinking = Leads to innovative problem-solving Accelerated mental processing = Enhances performance under pressure Novel perspectives = Facilitates unique solutions to common problems Revised understanding = Changes prior assumptions about problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collins and Quillian's Network Model = Knowledge represented as nodes in a hierarchical tree Nodes = Elements of knowledge within a semantic network Relationships = Connections between nodes labeled in the model Mental representations = Networks of information in the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conventionality = Meaning determined by people's agreement Contrast = Different words represent different things Symbol = Arbitrary relationship with what it represents Language = Creates tangible and non-tangible representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phonemes = Smallest unit of speech sound Morphemes = Smallest unit of meaning Phrases = Groups of words that act as a single unit Discourses = Extended communication involving multiple sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generative = Ability to produce novel utterances Structured system = A defined arrangement of communication elements Communication systems = Includes all forms of human communication Human languages = Not all communication systems qualify as languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation = Diminishing response to frequently repeated stimulus Operant conditioning = Learning based on consequences of behavior Classical conditioning = Learning through pairing stimuli Nonn-associative learning = Involves changes in response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Word meanings = Representations of ideas and relationships Language structure = Analyzed at multiple levels Conventional agreements = Guidelines for determining meaning Symbolic representation = Arbitrary links between symbols and meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate response = Natural reaction to stimuli Repeated stimulus = Familiar input that decreases response Stimulus-response behavior = Responses based on environmental triggers Cognitive network = Connections formed through knowledge associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generative grammar = Structure limits for creating sentences Phonetics = Study of speech sounds Morphology = Analysis of smallest meaning units Syntax = Rules governing sentence structure</p> Signup and view all the answers