Cognitive Psychology: Mental Representations
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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Mental Representations = How knowledge is stored and represented in our minds Pictorial Codes = Visual representations of ideas or concepts Verbal Codes = Encoding information through words Dual Coding Theory = Suggests memory is enhanced when information is encoded both verbally and visually

Match the following types of knowledge representation with their characteristics:

Images = Represent ideas more easily Words = Represent ideas less visually but can provide order Analog Representations = Use pictorial codes for knowledge representation Abstract Propositions = Use verbal codes for knowledge representation

Match the following recall characteristics with the correct representation:

Pictures = Easily recalled in any order Words = Easily recalled in proper order Rapid sequences of pictures = Memory encoded differently than words Images = Can represent some ideas more easily than words

Match the following research methodologies with their focus:

<p>Standard laboratory experiments = Study basic memory processes Neuropsychological studies = Measure how the brain works Both pictorial and verbal codes = Used for mental representations Rapid sequencing studies = Explore memory recall differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their implications about memory:

<p>Neither images nor words fully represent reality = Imply limitations in knowledge representation Dual coding enhances memory = Suggests multiple recall pathways Visual memory differs from verbal memory = Indicates separate processing systems Decoding involves both images and words = Highlights the complexity of memory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conversational style goals with their associated gender:

<p>Men = Negotiating for the upper hand Women = Providing support and confirmation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with Autism Spectrum Disorder:

<p>Social behavior abnormalities = Developmental disorder Echolalia = Repetitive speech behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain regions with their roles in decision making:

<p>Prefrontal cortex = Involved in decision making Anterior cingulate cortex = Involved in evaluating risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions with their related concepts in decision making:

<p>Satisficing = Settling for 'good enough' options Judgment = Evaluating based on criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with autism:

<p>Functional speech development = About half do not develop Semantic encoding issues = Problems with understanding language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items with their descriptions in decision making:

<p>Heuristics = Mental shortcuts in decision making Biases = Systematic errors in judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of male-female communication with their purposes:

<p>Men = Avoiding failure Women = Reaching consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of decision making with their associated areas of study:

<p>Classical Decision Theory = Rational decision making Behavioral Decision Theory = Influence of psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their primary focus:

<p>Dual Code Theory = Pictorial and verbal representations Propositional Theory = Abstract relationships between elements Declarative Knowledge = What knowledge Procedural Knowledge = How knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their definitions:

<p>Concept = Fundamental unit of ideas Category = Group of shared concepts Exemplar = Typical representative of a category Prototype = An idealized version of a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of knowledge with their examples:

<p>Declarative Knowledge = Factual information Procedural Knowledge = Steps in a process Conceptual Knowledge = Understanding categories Contextual Knowledge = Dynamic understanding of concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of categorization:

<p>Implicit theories = Draws from personal experiences Feature Based Categorization = Based on characteristics Theory Based Categorization = Uses prototypes for understanding Dynamic Categorization = Relatively stable group of concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their corresponding codes:

<p>Concrete representations = Salient elements in Dual Code Theory Abstract relationships = Focus of Propositional Theory Categorical features = Defining characteristics of categories Dynamic characteristics = Contextual knowledge elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their significance:

<p>Prototypes = Typical representatives in categorization Factual Information = Type of Declarative Knowledge Steps and Processes = Type of Procedural Knowledge Cognitive Processes = Basic elements leading to epiphenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories/styles to their characteristics:

<p>Dual Code Theory = Combines pictorial and verbal codes Propositional Theory = Describes relationships abstractly Declarative Knowledge = Focuses on 'what' Procedural Knowledge = Focuses on 'how'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements related to image description:

<p>Visual Images = Often lack detailed accuracy Cognitive Processes = Basis for the experience of images Propositional Codes = Abstract representations of meaning Epiphenomena = Secondary effects of primary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of knowledge with their functions:

<p>Declarative Knowledge = Used to answer factual questions Procedural Knowledge = Applied in practical processes Conceptual Knowledge = Assists in categorization of ideas Contextual Knowledge = Adapts based on situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasoning types with their descriptions:

<p>Deductive Reasoning = From general principles to specific conclusions Inductive Reasoning = From observations to general theories Conditional Reasoning = Conclusions depend on if-then propositions Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas = Rules applied to goals like permissions or obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of decision-making traps with their explanations:

<p>Time Delay Trap = Choosing immediate rewards over long-term consequences Confirmation Bias = Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs Sunk Cost Fallacy = Continuing an endeavor once an investment has been made Availability Heuristic = Overestimating the likelihood of events based on recent experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the logical statements with their structure:

<p>If p, then q = Conditional reasoning statement All humans are mortal = Universal affirmative proposition Cassie is human = Specific instance within a universal Therefore, Cassie is mortal = Conclusion derived from premises</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples to their respective reasoning types:

<p>Seeing someone driving = Causal inference regarding age Credit card usage = Example of time delay trap Observation of a pattern = Basis for inductive reasoning If Area 51 is secured = Basis for a conditional reasoning fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasoning factors with their effects on desired outcomes:

<p>Prior beliefs = Influence on evaluating new conclusions Biases = Can lead to errors in decision-making Fallacies = Undermine logical reasoning processes Heuristics = Simplify decisions but may lead to errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasoning definitions with their characteristics:

<p>Reasoning = Process of drawing conclusions from principles or evidence Causal Inferences = Determining relationships between events Logical soundness = Ensured by deductive validity Real-world truth = Not guaranteed by deductive reasoning alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasoning outcomes with their implications:

<p>Valid but false conclusion = Example: Area 51 and aliens Incorrect decision-making = Result of time delay traps Logical conclusion = Derived from deductive reasoning General theory formation = Outcome of inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the reasoning approaches with their benefits or drawbacks:

<p>Deductive reasoning = Provides certainty if premises are true Inductive reasoning = Allows for generalization from specific observations Heuristics = May simplify complex decisions but can mislead Causal inferences = Help understand cause-and-effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of heuristics with their descriptions:

<p>Generate and Test = Input, then test, then try again if failed Working Forward = Start at the beginning, moving one step at a time Working Backward = Start at the end, working back to the beginning Means-End Analysis = Divide problem into sub problems; reduce the difference between states</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the problem-solving methods with their examples:

<p>Generate and Test = Testing various passwords until one works Working Forward = Conducting step-by-step research Working Backward = Planning a trip by determining departure times Means-End Analysis = Finding solutions for distributing free shirts to members</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the insights about problem-solving with their theories:

<p>Early Gestalt View = Thinking of the problem in a new light Extended unconscious leaps = Involves rapid mental processing Short circuiting reasoning = Bypassing normal reasoning processes Productive thinking = Utilizing mental restructuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the features of insight with their descriptions:

<p>Greatly accelerated mental processing = Increased speed of solving complex problems Utilizing productive thinking = Creative approaches to problem structuring Extended unconscious leaps = Sudden realizations occurring out of conscious thought Thinking as a whole = Viewing the problem from a broader perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of problems with their respective characteristics:

<p>Well-structured problems = Problems with clear parameters and solutions Ill-structured problems = Problems requiring insight for resolution Stepwise problems = Problems solved through gradual processes Integrated problems = Problems needing holistic understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of 'Working Backward' with their details:

<p>Starting from the end = Planning goals based on final outcomes Visioning = Creating a mental image of the desired solution Strategic planning = Organizing steps to reach a specific end Backward reasoning = Logical deduction from outcomes to causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the problem-solving strategies with their applications:

<p>Working Forward = Applicable to systematic research tasks Means-End Analysis = Effective for multi-step problem breakdowns Generate and Test = Useful in trial and error scenarios Working Backward = Ideal for reverse planning scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of categories with their characteristics:

<p>Feature-based categories = Exclusive and rigid Prototype categories = Grouping based on characteristic features Classical concepts = Easily defined based on defining features Fuzzy concepts = Difficult to specify necessary features</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the descriptions of insight with their outcomes:

<p>Productive thinking = Leads to innovative problem-solving Accelerated mental processing = Enhances performance under pressure Novel perspectives = Facilitates unique solutions to common problems Revised understanding = Changes prior assumptions about problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to semantic networks with their descriptions:

<p>Collins and Quillian's Network Model = Knowledge represented as nodes in a hierarchical tree Nodes = Elements of knowledge within a semantic network Relationships = Connections between nodes labeled in the model Mental representations = Networks of information in the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to word meanings with their principles:

<p>Conventionality = Meaning determined by people's agreement Contrast = Different words represent different things Symbol = Arbitrary relationship with what it represents Language = Creates tangible and non-tangible representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of language structure with their definitions:

<p>Phonemes = Smallest unit of speech sound Morphemes = Smallest unit of meaning Phrases = Groups of words that act as a single unit Discourses = Extended communication involving multiple sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the types of languages:

<p>Generative = Ability to produce novel utterances Structured system = A defined arrangement of communication elements Communication systems = Includes all forms of human communication Human languages = Not all communication systems qualify as languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cognitive processes with their functions:

<p>Habituation = Diminishing response to frequently repeated stimulus Operant conditioning = Learning based on consequences of behavior Classical conditioning = Learning through pairing stimuli Nonn-associative learning = Involves changes in response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of semantic theory with their forms:

<p>Word meanings = Representations of ideas and relationships Language structure = Analyzed at multiple levels Conventional agreements = Guidelines for determining meaning Symbolic representation = Arbitrary links between symbols and meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of responses with their descriptions in psychology:

<p>Innate response = Natural reaction to stimuli Repeated stimulus = Familiar input that decreases response Stimulus-response behavior = Responses based on environmental triggers Cognitive network = Connections formed through knowledge associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts of linguistic analysis with their features:

<p>Generative grammar = Structure limits for creating sentences Phonetics = Study of speech sounds Morphology = Analysis of smallest meaning units Syntax = Rules governing sentence structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mental Representations

How knowledge is stored and represented in the mind using images, words, or abstract ideas.

Dual Coding Theory (Pavio)

Knowledge is encoded both verbally and visually to enhance memory and understanding.

Pictorial Code

A mental representation using images.

Verbal Code

A mental representation using words and language.

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Picture vs. Word Recall

Pictures are recalled better in any order, while words are better recalled in order.

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Propositional Codes

Abstract concepts or statements conveying meaning without needing visuals or words.

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EPIPHONENA

Secondary, derivative phenomena resulting from basic cognitive processes, like visual or verbal experiences.

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Dual Code Theory

Mental representation using both pictorial and verbal codes.

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Propositional Theory

Mental representation as abstract relationships between objects/concepts.

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Declarative Knowledge

Factual knowledge about "what"–concepts, categories, and facts.

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Procedural Knowledge

Knowledge about "how"–steps and processes to perform tasks, like procedures or instructions.

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Concept

Fundamental unit of ideas for understanding the world, including definitions, characteristics, and features.

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Category Formation (Features/Prototype/Theory Based)

3 Different approaches of creating categories combining features, prototypical knowledge or broader implicit theories to understand concepts.

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Defining Features

Specific characteristics that determine whether something belongs to a concept. These features are essential for defining the concept.

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Category

Group of concepts sharing common features, relatively stable.

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Prototypes

Typical representatives of categories based on familiar experiences.

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Prototype Category

A category based on the similarity of members to a typical representative or prototype, rather than strict defining features.

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Characteristic Features

Common features shared by members of a prototype category, but not necessarily required for inclusion.

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Typicality Effects

The tendency for items closer to the prototype to be judged as better members of a category than those further away.

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Semantic Networks

Mental representations of knowledge organized as interconnected nodes and relationships.

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Nodes

Points in a semantic network representing concepts or pieces of information.

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Relationships

Connections between nodes in a semantic network, indicating how concepts are related.

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Classical Concepts

Concepts defined by specific, clear-cut features, allowing for unambiguous categorization.

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Fuzzy Concepts

Concepts with unclear boundaries and overlapping features, making categorization more difficult.

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Deductive Reasoning

Moving from general principles to specific conclusions.

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Reasoning

The process of drawing conclusions from principles or evidence.

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Arbitrarily Symbolic

The relationship between a word and its meaning is arbitrary and agreed upon by members of a language community.

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Inductive Reasoning

Making generalizations from observations.

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Causal Inferences

Determining the cause of something.

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Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas

Rules used to solve problems related to goals.

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Conditional Reasoning

Making conclusions based on if-then propositions.

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Time Delay Trap

Choosing immediate rewards over long-term consequences.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making.

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Tannen's view on male-female conversation

Deborah Tannen proposed that men and women have different goals in conversation, leading to distinct conversational styles. Men aim to assert dominance and independence, while women focus on building relationships and consensus.

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Male Conversation Style

Men tend to use conversation as a way to establish hierarchy and assert dominance. They often focus on competition, independence, and maintaining a strong sense of self.

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Female Conversation Style

Women tend to use conversation as a way to build relationships and foster close connections. They often focus on emotional support, collaboration, and reaching consensus.

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Judgment

Evaluating something based on established criteria or standards.

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Decision Making

The process of choosing between different alternatives, often based on available information and preferences.

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Generate and Test

A problem-solving strategy where you repeatedly try different inputs or solutions until you find one that works. Think of it like trying different keys until you find the one that opens the lock.

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Satisficing

A decision-making strategy where individuals choose a satisfactory option, rather than searching for the optimal solution, often due to limited resources or time constraints.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and behavior. Individuals with autism may exhibit repetitive behaviors and have restricted interests.

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Working Forward

A problem-solving method where you start from the beginning and move step-by-step toward a solution. It's like following a recipe, each step building on the previous one.

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Working Backward

A problem-solving approach where you start from the desired end result and work backward, figuring out the steps needed to reach that goal. Like planning a trip, you consider the destination first and then figure out the route.

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Means-End Analysis

A problem-solving strategy where you break down the problem into smaller, manageable subproblems. You reduce the difference between the initial state and the goal by addressing each subproblem. It's like eating an elephant one bite at a time.

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Insight

A sudden and distinct understanding of a problem or a solution. It's like a light bulb turning on, revealing a previously unseen solution.

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Gestalt View of Insight

This theory suggests that insight involves seeing the problem as a whole and in a new light, leading to mental restructuring and creative solutions. It's like seeing a familiar object in a new way.

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Unconscious Leaps

The Gestalt view posits that insight involves unconscious mental work, where the brain may be processing information in the background, leading to a sudden and unexpected solution. It's like a subconscious mind working behind the scenes.

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Accelerated Mental Processing

Insight often involves a rapid acceleration of mental processing, allowing the brain to quickly analyze and combine information, leading to a breakthrough. It's like a burst of cognitive energy.

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Study Notes

Mental Representations

  • Knowledge is stored as mental images, words, or abstract propositions.
  • Standard & neuropsychological experiments measure how the brain represents information.
  • Images represent ideas concretely, while words use symbolic representation.
  • Analogous images are comparable to reality, even with incomplete features, yet no rules for scanning a picture.
  • Words use arbitrary relationships and follow specific rules for sequential representation, containing context, completeness, and grammar.
  • Mental imagery is a product of imagination, representing sensations, past experiences, and fantasies.
  • Dual Code Theory proposes info is encoded verbally and visually, enhancing memory and comprehension.

Propositional Theory

  • Basic propositions underlie words and images.
  • Propositions represent conceptual relationships.
  • Examples demonstrate the meaning behind conceptual relationships (e.g., "the dog eats the bread").

Declarative and Procedural Knowledge

  • Declarative knowledge involves factual information—concepts and categories—represented schematically.
  • Procedural knowledge comprises steps and processes.

Knowledge Implementations

  • Knowledge is organized with definitions and characteristics.
  • Categories group items with shared features.
  • Feature-based categories rely on defining features.
  • Prototypes are characteristic figures or images.
  • Classifications of concepts are easily defined.
  • Definitions are based on defining features, for example, in classical concepts.

Schematic Representations

  • Mental frameworks for organizing knowledge about the world.
  • Scripts describe sequences of events.
  • Schemas embody typical general information organized around specific events.

Language

  • Language is a structured communication system using sounds or symbols.
  • Language enables expression and communication about situations and circumstances.
  • Language varies in structure and is based on conventionality and contrasts.
  • Languages communicate through different levels, including words, phrases, and sentences.
  • Language is influenced by cognitive systems and is dynamic.

Language and Cognition

  • Language may influence thoughts & perceptions.
  • Language affects memory & other cognitive processes.
  • Relationships between language and cognition are complex and vary across individuals and contexts.

Bilingualism

  • Early research suggested that learning two languages is harmful, a misconception proven wrong through later research.
  • Bilinguals may face interference between languages, but in general, show greater cognitive flexibility, and some advantages.
  • Age of language acquisition affects brain structure(density of gray matter) in some areas.

Two-System Theory of Reasoning

  • Associative System relies on similarities and temporal connections with biases
  • Rule-Based System involves deliberate evaluation and manipulation of symbols.
  • The two systems work together in decision-making.

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

  • Deductive reasoning begins with general principles and moves to specific conclusions.
  • Inductive reasoning begins with observations and moves towards general theories.

Problem Solving

  • Problem solving occurs when present states differ from goal states.
  • Processes involve analysis, synthesis, divergent/convergent thinking, generating alternatives or solutions.

Insight

  • Insight problem solving involves unusual strategies that quickly lead to solutions.
  • Insight may involve a restructuring of perspectives.

Obstacles in Problem Solving

  • Mental sets, functional fixedness, and negative transfer can hinder problem-solving.
  • Positive transfer enhances problem solving by repurposing solutions from prior situations.

Creativity

  • Creativity involves producing original and worthwhile products.
  • Creative insights may occur through incubation or from combining independent ideas into new ones.

Expertise

  • Experts have an organized knowledge base reflected in interconnected units and schemas.
  • Experts' knowledge is more elaborative; they can quickly access and apply knowledge.
  • Reflection and problem solving are more effective in expertise due to rich schemas.
  • Experts often use automatic processes to solve problems.

Traits of Creative Individuals

  • Openness to experience, impulsiveness, self-confidence, drive, and dominance have been associated with creativity.

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Mental Representations PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of mental representations in cognitive psychology through this quiz. Delve into how knowledge is stored, the impact of images and words, and the implications of Dual Code Theory. This quiz also covers propositional theory and the relationship between declarative and procedural knowledge.

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