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Questions and Answers
What is an example of an abstract symbol?
Symbolic code is based on physical resemblance to what it represents.
False
What does mental imagery represent?
Things not currently seen or sensed.
According to dual-code theory, we use both ______ and ______ codes for representing information.
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What is the first step in the Problem-Solving Cycle?
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Divergent thinking involves narrowing down possibilities to find a single best answer.
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Match the following mental manipulation techniques with their descriptions:
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What is the purpose of conducting an internal analysis in problem solving?
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The process of putting together various elements to create something useful is called ______.
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Match the terms with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Symbolic Representation
- Symbols are abstract and arbitrary, representing concepts without physically resembling them.
Dual-Code Theory
- We use both pictorial (analog) and verbal (symbolic) codes to represent information.
- Analog codes resemble the objects they represent, while symbolic codes are chosen arbitrarily.
Mental Imagery
- Mental imagery involves creating mental representations of things not currently sensed, including objects, events, and settings.
- Imagery can represent things never experienced and things that don't exist outside the mind.
- Research primarily focuses on visual imagery, though other sensory modalities like hearing, smell, and taste are involved.
Mental Manipulations of Images
- Mental Rotations: Rotating a mental image of an object.
- Image Scaling: Zooming in and out on a mental image to focus on details or the overall picture.
- Image Scanning: Mentally inspecting and moving through a mental image, similar to scanning a real picture.
Problem-Solving Cycle
- Problem Identification: Recognizing a problem exists.
- Problem Definition: Clearly defining the problem.
- Strategy Formulation: Developing a plan to solve the problem.
- Organization of Information: Understanding how information fits together.
- Allocation of Resources: Deciding how much time, effort, and resources to dedicate.
- Monitoring: Checking progress towards solving the problem.
- Evaluation: Assessing the success of the solution.
Types of Problems
- Well-structured problems: Have clear paths to solutions (e.g., solving a math equation).
- Ill-structured problems: Lack clear paths to solutions (e.g., developing a poverty reduction strategy).
Obstacles and Aids to Problem Solving
- Mental Set (Entrenchment): Using existing models or procedures, which can hinder finding new solutions.
- Functional Fixedness: Inability to see new uses for objects.
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Transfer: Applying knowledge or skills from one problem to another.
- Negative Transfer: Solving an earlier problem makes it harder to solve a later one.
- Positive Transfer: Solving an earlier problem makes it easier to solve a later one.
- Incubation: Taking a break from a problem to minimize negative transfer and allow for new perspectives.
Expertise
- Expertise plays a significant role in problem-solving, improving abilities through:
- Deeper understanding of the field.
- Developed cognitive strategies.
- Efficient knowledge utilization.
Language
- A system of communication used by humans to express thoughts, feelings, and information.
- Consists of symbols, sounds, or gestures combined to create meaning.
Language and Thought
- Language can influence thought by providing categories and frameworks, but it's not the only factor.
- Thought can exist independently of language.
Language Comprehension
- Requires perceiving words, assigning meaning to them, and making sense of sentences.
Properties of Language
- Communicative: Allows communication between people sharing the language.
- Arbitrarily Symbolic: Arbitrary relationship between a symbol and its meaning.
- Regularly Structured: Specific patterns of symbols create meaning.
- Generative, Productive: Ability to create novel utterances within the language structure.
- Dynamic: Languages constantly evolve.
Basic Components of Words - Speech
- Phone: The smallest unit of speech sound.
Phonetics
- The study of speech sound production, combination, and representation.
Morpheme
- The smallest unit of meaning.
- The lexicon is the complete set of morphemes.
- Adult English speakers typically have a lexicon of 80,000 morphemes and a vocabulary of hundreds of thousands of words.
Dyslexia
- Difficulty deciphering, reading, and comprehending text.
- Often linked to problems in phonological processing, word identification, and other skills:
- Phonological Awareness: Awareness of the sound structure of spoken language.
- Phonological Reading: Reading words in isolation.
- Phonological Coding: Remembering strings of phonemes in working memory.
- Lexical Access: Retrieving words from long-term memory.
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Description
Explore the concepts of symbolic representation, dual-code theory, and mental imagery in this quiz. Understand how we use both pictorial and verbal codes to represent information, and delve into mental manipulations of images like rotation, scaling, and scanning. Test your knowledge on how we mentally visualize the world around us.
