Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following accurately describes the duration of iconic memory?
Which of the following accurately describes the duration of iconic memory?
- Lasts for 2-4 seconds.
- Lasts for approximately ½ second. (correct)
- Lasts for about 5-9 seconds.
- Lasts for approximately 30 seconds.
According to Darwin et al. (1972), what is the approximate duration of echoic memory?
According to Darwin et al. (1972), what is the approximate duration of echoic memory?
- Up to 30 seconds
- ½ second
- 2-4 seconds (correct)
- 5-9 items
In the context of short-term memory, what is the primary purpose of rehearsal?
In the context of short-term memory, what is the primary purpose of rehearsal?
- To permanently store information.
- To transfer information to sensory memory.
- To increase the capacity of memory storage.
- To hold information temporarily for analysis. (correct)
Keppel and Underwood's research indicated that performance in short-term memory tasks declines over multiple trials primarily due to what?
Keppel and Underwood's research indicated that performance in short-term memory tasks declines over multiple trials primarily due to what?
What is the main conclusion of George Miller's "The Magic Number" research regarding short-term memory capacity?
What is the main conclusion of George Miller's "The Magic Number" research regarding short-term memory capacity?
In memory, what is the role of 'chunking'?
In memory, what is the role of 'chunking'?
According to Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory, what is the role of the central executive?
According to Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory, what is the role of the central executive?
What is the phonological similarity effect, as demonstrated by Conrad (1964)?
What is the phonological similarity effect, as demonstrated by Conrad (1964)?
Which cognitive function involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli or tasks?
Which cognitive function involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli or tasks?
According to cognitive psychology, what is the primary role of the mind?
According to cognitive psychology, what is the primary role of the mind?
In the study by Fowler and Baker (1974) regarding highlighting text, what was observed when participants were tested exclusively on non-highlighted material?
In the study by Fowler and Baker (1974) regarding highlighting text, what was observed when participants were tested exclusively on non-highlighted material?
In Rothkopf's (1968) study, how did repeated readings of a text affect information retention, as measured by the cloze procedure?
In Rothkopf's (1968) study, how did repeated readings of a text affect information retention, as measured by the cloze procedure?
Which of the following cognitive functions allows us to express knowledge, thereby aiding in the manipulation of information in our minds?
Which of the following cognitive functions allows us to express knowledge, thereby aiding in the manipulation of information in our minds?
Considering the findings of studies on highlighting and re-reading, which strategy is most likely to improve retention of information?
Considering the findings of studies on highlighting and re-reading, which strategy is most likely to improve retention of information?
If a person is experiencing difficulty in recalling specific details from a text, but can generally understand the main idea, which cognitive function is most likely impaired?
If a person is experiencing difficulty in recalling specific details from a text, but can generally understand the main idea, which cognitive function is most likely impaired?
What does it mean to say the brain 'synthesizes reality'?
What does it mean to say the brain 'synthesizes reality'?
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for initiating the 'fight or flight' response?
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for initiating the 'fight or flight' response?
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in impairment of what function?
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in impairment of what function?
If a person is experiencing difficulty with judgment and decision-making, which lobe of the brain is most likely affected?
If a person is experiencing difficulty with judgment and decision-making, which lobe of the brain is most likely affected?
Which of the following describes the anatomical relationship between the temporal and parietal lobes?
Which of the following describes the anatomical relationship between the temporal and parietal lobes?
The fusiform face area (FFA) is a specialized region in the brain primarily responsible for:
The fusiform face area (FFA) is a specialized region in the brain primarily responsible for:
Which structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate?
Which structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate?
Damage to the occipital lobe is most likely to result in what type of impairment?
Damage to the occipital lobe is most likely to result in what type of impairment?
What is the primary function of the enteric nervous system?
What is the primary function of the enteric nervous system?
According to the principle of diminishing returns in studying, which strategy is generally more effective than rereading a text multiple times?
According to the principle of diminishing returns in studying, which strategy is generally more effective than rereading a text multiple times?
In the Roediger and Karpicke (2006) study, what was the key difference between the two groups of undergraduate students studying 300-word passages?
In the Roediger and Karpicke (2006) study, what was the key difference between the two groups of undergraduate students studying 300-word passages?
Which of the following bodily functions is NOT primarily regulated by the brain?
Which of the following bodily functions is NOT primarily regulated by the brain?
What is the primary form of information transmission as a signal travels from one neuron to the next across the synapse?
What is the primary form of information transmission as a signal travels from one neuron to the next across the synapse?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving chemical information from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving chemical information from other neurons?
During an action potential, what change occurs to the charge distribution inside and outside the neuron's axon?
During an action potential, what change occurs to the charge distribution inside and outside the neuron's axon?
How does the myelin sheath contribute to the speed of action potential propagation along an axon?
How does the myelin sheath contribute to the speed of action potential propagation along an axon?
What is the role of vesicles in synaptic transmission?
What is the role of vesicles in synaptic transmission?
A patient with damage to the anterior temporal lobe struggles to identify everyday objects. This condition MOST directly affects which aspect of sensory processing?
A patient with damage to the anterior temporal lobe struggles to identify everyday objects. This condition MOST directly affects which aspect of sensory processing?
Why is single dissociation considered insufficient for definitively linking a brain region to a specific cognitive function?
Why is single dissociation considered insufficient for definitively linking a brain region to a specific cognitive function?
In fMRI, what is the underlying principle that allows us to infer neuronal activity?
In fMRI, what is the underlying principle that allows us to infer neuronal activity?
What is the primary purpose of the 'subtraction technique' used in neuroimaging studies?
What is the primary purpose of the 'subtraction technique' used in neuroimaging studies?
Event-related potentials (ERPs), a technique used in EEGs, isolate brain activity by:
Event-related potentials (ERPs), a technique used in EEGs, isolate brain activity by:
The 'oddball technique' capitalizes on what cognitive process to study brain responses?
The 'oddball technique' capitalizes on what cognitive process to study brain responses?
Which neuroimaging method measures blood flow using light passed through the scalp?
Which neuroimaging method measures blood flow using light passed through the scalp?
Neuromarketing and neuroethics share a common concern regarding:
Neuromarketing and neuroethics share a common concern regarding:
A subject is participating in a visual search task. While their gaze remains fixed on a central point, they are still able to detect a briefly flashed target in their peripheral vision. This scenario best illustrates which type of attention?
A subject is participating in a visual search task. While their gaze remains fixed on a central point, they are still able to detect a briefly flashed target in their peripheral vision. This scenario best illustrates which type of attention?
In the context of visual attention, what is the primary difference between fixations and saccades?
In the context of visual attention, what is the primary difference between fixations and saccades?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies how 'bottom-up' processing influences overt attention?
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies how 'bottom-up' processing influences overt attention?
A researcher is using the pre-cuing paradigm developed by Michael Posner. If a cue correctly predicts the location where a target stimulus will appear (valid trial) compared to an invalid trial, what is the most likely result?
A researcher is using the pre-cuing paradigm developed by Michael Posner. If a cue correctly predicts the location where a target stimulus will appear (valid trial) compared to an invalid trial, what is the most likely result?
According to Lavie's load theory of attention, how does high cognitive load affect the processing of irrelevant stimuli?
According to Lavie's load theory of attention, how does high cognitive load affect the processing of irrelevant stimuli?
In the case study involving neural evidence for attentional selection, researchers presented participants with two different audiobooks, one in each ear. What was the key methodology used to determine which audiobook the participant was attending to?
In the case study involving neural evidence for attentional selection, researchers presented participants with two different audiobooks, one in each ear. What was the key methodology used to determine which audiobook the participant was attending to?
While preparing a peanut butter sandwich, a person simultaneously reaches for the peanut butter can and a knife. This action illustrates attention directed by:
While preparing a peanut butter sandwich, a person simultaneously reaches for the peanut butter can and a knife. This action illustrates attention directed by:
Strayer and Johnston's 2001 study primarily investigated which aspect of attention?
Strayer and Johnston's 2001 study primarily investigated which aspect of attention?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Increased heart rate and respiration are MOST directly associated with the activation of which component of the autonomic nervous system?
Increased heart rate and respiration are MOST directly associated with the activation of which component of the autonomic nervous system?
The activity of flora and bacteria within the gut is MOST directly associated with which component of the nervous system?
The activity of flora and bacteria within the gut is MOST directly associated with which component of the nervous system?
Which of the following BEST describes the functional organization of the cerebral cortex?
Which of the following BEST describes the functional organization of the cerebral cortex?
Which scenario BEST exemplifies the distributed nature of cognitive processing in the brain?
Which scenario BEST exemplifies the distributed nature of cognitive processing in the brain?
A patient exhibits impaired judgment and difficulty making decisions, but their sensory and motor functions remain intact. Which lobe of the brain is MOST likely affected?
A patient exhibits impaired judgment and difficulty making decisions, but their sensory and motor functions remain intact. Which lobe of the brain is MOST likely affected?
If a researcher is interested in studying the neural response related to cognitive effort, which brain area should they primarily focus on?
If a researcher is interested in studying the neural response related to cognitive effort, which brain area should they primarily focus on?
According to the modal model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), which statement BEST describes the relationship between short-term and long-term memory?
According to the modal model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), which statement BEST describes the relationship between short-term and long-term memory?
In Sperling's (1960) study of sensory memory, what critical methodological difference between the 'whole report' and 'partial report' methods allowed him to infer the large capacity of sensory memory?
In Sperling's (1960) study of sensory memory, what critical methodological difference between the 'whole report' and 'partial report' methods allowed him to infer the large capacity of sensory memory?
Clive Wearing's case, where herpes encephalitis severely damaged his hippocampus, MOST directly supports which of the following conclusions about memory?
Clive Wearing's case, where herpes encephalitis severely damaged his hippocampus, MOST directly supports which of the following conclusions about memory?
According to the content, which of the following statements BEST describes the current understanding of memory?
According to the content, which of the following statements BEST describes the current understanding of memory?
In the context of the modal model of memory, control processes would MOST likely be involved in which of the following scenarios?
In the context of the modal model of memory, control processes would MOST likely be involved in which of the following scenarios?
What is the primary limitation of relying solely on single dissociation to establish a link between brain activity and a specific cognitive function?
What is the primary limitation of relying solely on single dissociation to establish a link between brain activity and a specific cognitive function?
Which of the following best explains the logic behind using oxygen levels in the blood as a proxy for neuronal activity in fMRI?
Which of the following best explains the logic behind using oxygen levels in the blood as a proxy for neuronal activity in fMRI?
What is the primary purpose of event averaging in event-related potential (ERP) studies?
What is the primary purpose of event averaging in event-related potential (ERP) studies?
In the 'oddball technique,' how is novelty detection typically measured using neuroimaging methods like EEG?
In the 'oddball technique,' how is novelty detection typically measured using neuroimaging methods like EEG?
How does functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measure brain activity?
How does functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measure brain activity?
What is a primary ethical concern associated with the application of neuroscience in neuromarketing?
What is a primary ethical concern associated with the application of neuroscience in neuromarketing?
How do sensation and perception differ in the context of sensory processing?
How do sensation and perception differ in the context of sensory processing?
If a person can see an object but has difficulty recognizing it, which area of the brain might be damaged?
If a person can see an object but has difficulty recognizing it, which area of the brain might be damaged?
An individual reports difficulty recognizing familiar faces, and starts relying on secondary cues, what kind of condition might they have?
An individual reports difficulty recognizing familiar faces, and starts relying on secondary cues, what kind of condition might they have?
According to predictive coding theory, what is the brain's primary goal in perception?
According to predictive coding theory, what is the brain's primary goal in perception?
In the context of predictive coding, what happens when incoming sensory information does not align with the brain's internal model?
In the context of predictive coding, what happens when incoming sensory information does not align with the brain's internal model?
How does predictive coding explain why we often don't deeply process expected events?
How does predictive coding explain why we often don't deeply process expected events?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept that perception is about 'objects in context'?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept that perception is about 'objects in context'?
In the context of attention, what differentiates a voluntary covert shift from an involuntary covert shift?
In the context of attention, what differentiates a voluntary covert shift from an involuntary covert shift?
What is the functional role of saccades in overt attention?
What is the functional role of saccades in overt attention?
Consider the 'dress' social media phenomenon where people perceived a dress as either blue/black or white/gold. Which theme of perception does this best exemplify?
Consider the 'dress' social media phenomenon where people perceived a dress as either blue/black or white/gold. Which theme of perception does this best exemplify?
What is the core principle underlying the McGurk effect?
What is the core principle underlying the McGurk effect?
How do internal models, such as expectations, influence 'top-down' attention?
How do internal models, such as expectations, influence 'top-down' attention?
In the McGurk effect, how might the visual cortex influence auditory perception?
In the McGurk effect, how might the visual cortex influence auditory perception?
In the context of attention, when preparing a peanut butter sandwich and simultaneously grabbing the peanut butter can and a knife illustrates what?
In the context of attention, when preparing a peanut butter sandwich and simultaneously grabbing the peanut butter can and a knife illustrates what?
In Michael Posner's (1978) pre-cuing paradigm, what does a longer reaction time in invalid trials suggest about attention?
In Michael Posner's (1978) pre-cuing paradigm, what does a longer reaction time in invalid trials suggest about attention?
Which statement best reflects the understanding of multisensory integration in the brain?
Which statement best reflects the understanding of multisensory integration in the brain?
According to the information provided, what is a potential issue or limitation of predictive coding theory?
According to the information provided, what is a potential issue or limitation of predictive coding theory?
According to Lavie's load theory of attention, how does performing a task that requires high cognitive load affect the processing of irrelevant stimuli?
According to Lavie's load theory of attention, how does performing a task that requires high cognitive load affect the processing of irrelevant stimuli?
Beyond just auditory and visual input, which system is also intimately involved in speech perception?
Beyond just auditory and visual input, which system is also intimately involved in speech perception?
In the case study involving neural evidence for attentional selection with audiobook presentation, what was the significance of correlating brain responses with real speech?
In the case study involving neural evidence for attentional selection with audiobook presentation, what was the significance of correlating brain responses with real speech?
In divided attention studies, what is typically observed as the demands of one task increase, and how does this relate to the concept of cognitive resources?
In divided attention studies, what is typically observed as the demands of one task increase, and how does this relate to the concept of cognitive resources?
Strayer and Johnston's 2001 study primarily demonstrates that driving performance is most significantly impaired by?
Strayer and Johnston's 2001 study primarily demonstrates that driving performance is most significantly impaired by?
What is the key difference between 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' influences on attention?
What is the key difference between 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' influences on attention?
Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
The study of how our mind works in everyday situations, bridging the gap between the brain and our mental processes.
Attention
Attention
The mechanism by which we focus our mental resources on specific stimuli or tasks.
Perception
Perception
The process of becoming aware of something through our senses.
Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory
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Language
Language
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Problem Solving & Decision Making
Problem Solving & Decision Making
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Is Highlighting Effective?
Is Highlighting Effective?
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Re-Reading Text
Re-Reading Text
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Testing Effect
Testing Effect
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Roediger-Karpicke Study
Roediger-Karpicke Study
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Brain Functions
Brain Functions
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Neurons
Neurons
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axon
Axon
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Synapse
Synapse
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Action Potential
Action Potential
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
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Temporal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
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Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia
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Single Dissociation
Single Dissociation
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fMRI (Functional MRI)
fMRI (Functional MRI)
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Subtraction Technique
Subtraction Technique
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EEG (Electroencephalography)
EEG (Electroencephalography)
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Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
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Sensation
Sensation
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Overt Attention
Overt Attention
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Covert Attention
Covert Attention
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Fixations
Fixations
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Saccadic Eye Movement
Saccadic Eye Movement
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"Bottom-up" Attention
"Bottom-up" Attention
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"Top-down" Attention
"Top-down" Attention
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Finite Cognitive Resources
Finite Cognitive Resources
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Effects of High Cognitive Load
Effects of High Cognitive Load
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Iconic Memory
Iconic Memory
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Echoic Memory
Echoic Memory
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Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
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Rehearsal (in STM)
Rehearsal (in STM)
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Decay (in STM)
Decay (in STM)
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Interference (in STM)
Interference (in STM)
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Chunking
Chunking
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Working Memory
Working Memory
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Enteric Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
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Sulci
Sulci
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Gyri
Gyri
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Frontal Lobe Function
Frontal Lobe Function
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Temporal Lobe Function
Temporal Lobe Function
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Parietal Lobe Function
Parietal Lobe Function
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Occipital Lobe Function
Occipital Lobe Function
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Anterior Temporal Lobe
Anterior Temporal Lobe
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Oddball Technique
Oddball Technique
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PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
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MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
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fNIRS (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy)
fNIRS (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy)
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Cocktail Party Listening
Cocktail Party Listening
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Memory's Purpose
Memory's Purpose
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Memory Systems
Memory Systems
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Modal Model of Memory
Modal Model of Memory
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Predictive Coding Theory
Predictive Coding Theory
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Shallow Processing of Expected Stimuli
Shallow Processing of Expected Stimuli
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Heightened Perception & Uncertainty
Heightened Perception & Uncertainty
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Influence of Prior Information
Influence of Prior Information
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Perception and Context
Perception and Context
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Multimodal Perception
Multimodal Perception
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McGurk Effect
McGurk Effect
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Multisensory Nature of Speech
Multisensory Nature of Speech
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pSTS Role in Error Detection
pSTS Role in Error Detection
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Visual Influence on Auditory Cortex
Visual Influence on Auditory Cortex
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Involuntary Covert Attention
Involuntary Covert Attention
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First Fixation
First Fixation
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Stimulus Salience
Stimulus Salience
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Pre-Cueing Paradigm
Pre-Cueing Paradigm
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Divided Attention
Divided Attention
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Prioritized Processing
Prioritized Processing
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Study Notes
Memory Continued
- Memory isn't only about the past, but influences the future as well
- A person with herpes attacked the nervous system, causing encephelitis, destroying the hippocampus, impairing new memory formation and access to old memories and limiting short-term memory
Control Processes for Memory
- Rehearsal, attention, and forming associations are modes that can continuously work together
Whole-Report Method
- Participants reported an average of 4.5 out of 12 letters when asked to recall all 12 letters
- Only seeing 12 letters for 50 milliseconds
Partial Report Method
- Participants were able to 3.3 of 4 items by tone
Keppel and Underwood
- On the first trial performance after 18 seconds is really good; however, over many trials, the ability to remember and performance declines
- Decay occurs after 15-20 second durations, losing information
Interferance and Thought
- Newly introduced and old information can interfere with each other
- Tasks with many trials better represent short-term memory
George Miller
- Capacity is represented by "The Magic Number 7 + or - 2"
Ericsson, et al
- Trained subject SF on Chunking techniques for 230 hours
- He was then able to repeat up to 79 digits
- Few people argued against holding visual representations in the brain
Mental Rotation
- Shepard and Metzler found in 1971 that if you want to rearrange a room you mentally manipulate the space
- If you increase how much you need to rotate figures to determine that they are the same or different
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Description
Test your knowledge of cognitive psychology with these questions. Topics include iconic and echoic memory duration, short-term memory processes like rehearsal and chunking, working memory models, the phonological similarity effect, attentional focus, and the role of the mind. Also explores the magic number 7 and highlighting techniques.
