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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?
What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?
Declarative knowledge is about 'what' (facts, information), while procedural knowledge is about 'how' (how to do something).
Which type of knowledge involves perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills?
Which type of knowledge involves perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills?
According to the Collins and Quillian's Network Model, nodes representing concepts are not connected with each other.
According to the Collins and Quillian's Network Model, nodes representing concepts are not connected with each other.
False
In a schema, ____ create a meaningful structure of related concepts.
In a schema, ____ create a meaningful structure of related concepts.
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Match the following types of knowledge with their descriptions:
Match the following types of knowledge with their descriptions:
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What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?
What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?
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What is the main characteristic of a schema?
What is the main characteristic of a schema?
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The mental framework for organizing knowledge is known as _____
The mental framework for organizing knowledge is known as _____
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Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) models operate by handling cognitive operations one at a time.
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) models operate by handling cognitive operations one at a time.
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Study Notes
Organization of Knowledge in the Mind
- Investigating cognitive psychology involves understanding how we organize knowledge in our minds.
- Declarative knowledge refers to "what" (e.g., facts, concepts, and relationships), while procedural knowledge refers to "how" (e.g., skills, procedures, and actions).
Declarative Knowledge
- Concept: an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world, which can change over time.
- Category: a group of items that belong together due to shared features or similarity to a prototype.
- Natural categories: occur naturally in the world (e.g., birds, trees).
- Artifact categories: designed and invented by humans to serve a particular purpose (e.g., chairs, cars).
Semantic-Network Models
- Knowledge is represented in our minds as concepts connected in a web-like form.
- Collins and Quillian's (1969) network model: a hierarchical semantic network with nodes (concepts) and labeled relationships (links) between them.
- Nodes can be connected through category membership, attributes, or other semantic relationships.
Schemas
- A mental framework for organizing knowledge, creating a meaningful structure of related concepts.
- Characteristics of schemas:
- Can include other schemas.
- Encompass typical, general facts that can vary slightly from one specific instance to another.
- Can vary in degree of abstraction.
- Can include information about relationships between concepts, attributes, and contexts.
Scripts
- A specific kind of schema that contains information about the particular order in which things occur.
- Features of scripts:
- Props: objects involved in the event.
- Roles: actors involved in the event.
- Opening conditions: requirements for the script to start.
- Scenes: sequences of events.
- Results: outcomes of the event.
Procedural Knowledge
- Models for representing procedural knowledge involve serial processing of information, following a linear sequence of operations.
- Production rules: "if-then" rules that govern a procedure, with an "if" clause specifying conditions and a "then" clause specifying actions.
- Routines and subroutines: organized structures of rules for implementing tasks and subtasks.
Non-Declarative Knowledge
- Non-declarative knowledge encompasses a broader range of mental representations, including:
- Procedural knowledge (skills, motor, and cognitive skills).
- Simple associative knowledge (classical and operant conditioning).
- Simple non-associative knowledge (habituation and sensitization).
- Priming (fundamental links within a knowledge network).
Integrative Models
- Parallel processing (connectionist models): handling large numbers of cognitive operations simultaneously through a network distributed across the brain.
- Networks represent all forms of knowledge, with nodes connected to many other nodes, enabling the organization of meaningfully related knowledge.
Organization of Knowledge in the Mind
- Investigating cognitive psychology involves understanding how we organize knowledge in our minds.
- Declarative knowledge refers to "what" (e.g., facts, concepts, and relationships), while procedural knowledge refers to "how" (e.g., skills, procedures, and actions).
Declarative Knowledge
- Concept: an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world, which can change over time.
- Category: a group of items that belong together due to shared features or similarity to a prototype.
- Natural categories: occur naturally in the world (e.g., birds, trees).
- Artifact categories: designed and invented by humans to serve a particular purpose (e.g., chairs, cars).
Semantic-Network Models
- Knowledge is represented in our minds as concepts connected in a web-like form.
- Collins and Quillian's (1969) network model: a hierarchical semantic network with nodes (concepts) and labeled relationships (links) between them.
- Nodes can be connected through category membership, attributes, or other semantic relationships.
Schemas
- A mental framework for organizing knowledge, creating a meaningful structure of related concepts.
- Characteristics of schemas:
- Can include other schemas.
- Encompass typical, general facts that can vary slightly from one specific instance to another.
- Can vary in degree of abstraction.
- Can include information about relationships between concepts, attributes, and contexts.
Scripts
- A specific kind of schema that contains information about the particular order in which things occur.
- Features of scripts:
- Props: objects involved in the event.
- Roles: actors involved in the event.
- Opening conditions: requirements for the script to start.
- Scenes: sequences of events.
- Results: outcomes of the event.
Procedural Knowledge
- Models for representing procedural knowledge involve serial processing of information, following a linear sequence of operations.
- Production rules: "if-then" rules that govern a procedure, with an "if" clause specifying conditions and a "then" clause specifying actions.
- Routines and subroutines: organized structures of rules for implementing tasks and subtasks.
Non-Declarative Knowledge
- Non-declarative knowledge encompasses a broader range of mental representations, including:
- Procedural knowledge (skills, motor, and cognitive skills).
- Simple associative knowledge (classical and operant conditioning).
- Simple non-associative knowledge (habituation and sensitization).
- Priming (fundamental links within a knowledge network).
Integrative Models
- Parallel processing (connectionist models): handling large numbers of cognitive operations simultaneously through a network distributed across the brain.
- Networks represent all forms of knowledge, with nodes connected to many other nodes, enabling the organization of meaningfully related knowledge.
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Description
This quiz assesses your understanding of cognitive psychology, specifically how the mind organizes knowledge, including declarative and procedural knowledge.
