Questions and Answers
How do we reason about things?
What is deductive reasoning?
Starts with a general rule (a premise) which we know to be true, and from that rule, we make a true conclusion about something specific.
What is inductive reasoning?
The process of going from observations to conclusions.
Define induction in reasoning.
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What is a heuristic?
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What is the purpose of attribute substitution?
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What does the availability heuristic indicate?
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What is the representativeness heuristic?
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Define erroneous assumption.
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What is covariation?
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What is confirmation bias?
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What is belief polarization?
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Define overconfidence.
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What is base-rate information?
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What is diagnostic information?
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Does base rate have an impact on judgment?
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What does the dual-process model propose?
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What is System 1?
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What is System 2?
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When should you use System 1 or System 2?
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Which system is more accurate?
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Which system is prone to error?
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What is the role of deduction in reasoning?
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What does belief perseverance mean?
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What is belief bias?
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What are categorical syllogisms?
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What is the atmosphere effect?
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What is a conditional statement?
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What does modus ponens refer to?
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What does modus tollens refer to?
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What are the two common errors of logic?
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Study Notes
Judgment and Reasoning Concepts
- Reasoning occurs primarily through two methods: inductive and deductive reasoning.
Deductive Reasoning
- Involves starting with a general premise known to be true, leading to a specific conclusion.
- Allows for a direct conclusion based on established facts.
Inductive Reasoning
- Involves drawing general conclusions based on specific observations.
- Moves from specific evidence to broader claims.
Induction
- A reasoning approach that derives general claims from particular evidence.
Heuristics
- Strategies applied to problem-solving, providing efficient and fairly accurate solutions.
Attribute Substitution
- A strategy employed when direct information isn't readily available, often involving first impressions.
Availability Heuristic
- A specific instance of attribute substitution where the ease of recalling examples influences perceptions of frequency or likelihood.
Representativeness Heuristic
- Relies on similarity for making judgments about category membership, sometimes overlooking probability.
Erroneous Assumption
- The misconception that what holds true for one instance applies to an entire category, potentially leading to faulty reasoning.
Covariation
- Refers to the interrelationship between two variables where the presence or level of one predicts that of the other.
Confirmation Bias
- Tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing counter-evidence.
Belief Polarization
- Ambiguous information typically reinforces existing beliefs, leading to stronger conviction.
Overconfidence
- A bias where beliefs are maintained or reinforced despite opposing evidence.
Base-rate Information
- Statistical information regarding the likelihood of an event, critical for accurate judgment.
Diagnostic Information
- Information that helps classify whether a case fits within a certain category.
Detecting Covariation
- Demonstrates that base-rate information has minimal influence on judgment.
Dual-Process Model
- Suggests two distinct thinking approaches: intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2).
System 1
- Fast, automatic, and heuristic-driven thinking process, often leading to errors.
System 2
- Slower, more deliberate thinking process that is generally more accurate.
Contextual Decision-Making
- The choice between System 1 and System 2 depends on the decision context, including time constraints and data presentation.
Accuracy of Systems
- System 2 is recognized as the more accurate thinking process, while System 1 is prone to errors.
Deductive Reasoning Functions
- A method for testing beliefs through structured logical arguments.
Belief Perseverance
- Continues endorsement of a belief despite evidence to the contrary.
Belief Bias
- Individuals are more inclined to judge a conclusion as valid if it aligns with pre-existing beliefs.
Categorical Syllogisms
- Logical arguments made up of two premises and a conclusion.
The Atmosphere Effect
- A matching strategy where the language used in the premises influences the conclusion.
Conditional Statement
- An antecedent sets a condition for the consequent, establishing logical relationships.
Modus Ponens
- A straightforward logical argument affirming the antecedent.
Modus Tollens
- A more complex logic form involving the denial of the consequent.
Common Logical Errors
- Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent are prevalent reasoning mistakes.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 12 of Cognitive Psychology, covering the concepts of judgement and reasoning. It includes key definitions and distinctions between inductive and deductive reasoning, providing a comprehensive overview for learners.