Cognitive Psychology Chapter 12
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Questions and Answers

How do we reason about things?

  • Inductively
  • Deductively
  • Both Inductively and Deductively (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What is deductive reasoning?

    Starts with a general rule (a premise) which we know to be true, and from that rule, we make a true conclusion about something specific.

    What is inductive reasoning?

    The process of going from observations to conclusions.

    Define induction in reasoning.

    <p>A pattern of reasoning in which one seeks to draw general claims from specific bits of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heuristic?

    <p>A strategy, guide, or approach that is applied in solving problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of attribute substitution?

    <p>To use a strategy when we do not have easy access to a desired piece of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the availability heuristic indicate?

    <p>Ease with which examples come to mind is an index of frequency or likelihood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>It relies on resemblance when making category membership judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define erroneous assumption.

    <p>What is true of one instance of a category must be true of the category as a whole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is covariation?

    <p>A relationship between two variables in which the presence or magnitude of one can be predicted by that of the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is confirmation bias?

    <p>Being more responsive to evidence that confirms one's beliefs and less responsive to evidence that challenges them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is belief polarization?

    <p>Ambiguous information makes you believe your beliefs more strongly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define overconfidence.

    <p>Maintenance or strengthening of your beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is base-rate information?

    <p>Information about the likelihood of an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diagnostic information?

    <p>Information indicating whether an individual case belongs to a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does base rate have an impact on judgment?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dual-process model propose?

    <p>People have two distinct ways of thinking about evidence they encounter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is System 1?

    <p>Thinking that is fast, automatic, and uses heuristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is System 2?

    <p>Thinking that is slower, effortful, and more likely to be correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you use System 1 or System 2?

    <p>It depends on the context of the decision and how the problem is presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is more accurate?

    <p>System 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is prone to error?

    <p>System 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deduction in reasoning?

    <p>Provides a way to test beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does belief perseverance mean?

    <p>A tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when evidence undermines it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is belief bias?

    <p>When a conclusion aligns with preexisting beliefs, people are more likely to judge it as valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are categorical syllogisms?

    <p>Logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atmosphere effect?

    <p>Low-level matching strategy between the words in the premises and those in the conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditional statement?

    <p>The first part (antecedent) provides a condition under which the second part (consequent) is guaranteed to be true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does modus ponens refer to?

    <p>Affirming the antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does modus tollens refer to?

    <p>Denying the consequent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two common errors of logic?

    <p>Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Judgment and Reasoning Concepts

    • Reasoning occurs primarily through two methods: inductive and deductive reasoning.

    Deductive Reasoning

    • Involves starting with a general premise known to be true, leading to a specific conclusion.
    • Allows for a direct conclusion based on established facts.

    Inductive Reasoning

    • Involves drawing general conclusions based on specific observations.
    • Moves from specific evidence to broader claims.

    Induction

    • A reasoning approach that derives general claims from particular evidence.

    Heuristics

    • Strategies applied to problem-solving, providing efficient and fairly accurate solutions.

    Attribute Substitution

    • A strategy employed when direct information isn't readily available, often involving first impressions.

    Availability Heuristic

    • A specific instance of attribute substitution where the ease of recalling examples influences perceptions of frequency or likelihood.

    Representativeness Heuristic

    • Relies on similarity for making judgments about category membership, sometimes overlooking probability.

    Erroneous Assumption

    • The misconception that what holds true for one instance applies to an entire category, potentially leading to faulty reasoning.

    Covariation

    • Refers to the interrelationship between two variables where the presence or level of one predicts that of the other.

    Confirmation Bias

    • Tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing counter-evidence.

    Belief Polarization

    • Ambiguous information typically reinforces existing beliefs, leading to stronger conviction.

    Overconfidence

    • A bias where beliefs are maintained or reinforced despite opposing evidence.

    Base-rate Information

    • Statistical information regarding the likelihood of an event, critical for accurate judgment.

    Diagnostic Information

    • Information that helps classify whether a case fits within a certain category.

    Detecting Covariation

    • Demonstrates that base-rate information has minimal influence on judgment.

    Dual-Process Model

    • Suggests two distinct thinking approaches: intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2).

    System 1

    • Fast, automatic, and heuristic-driven thinking process, often leading to errors.

    System 2

    • Slower, more deliberate thinking process that is generally more accurate.

    Contextual Decision-Making

    • The choice between System 1 and System 2 depends on the decision context, including time constraints and data presentation.

    Accuracy of Systems

    • System 2 is recognized as the more accurate thinking process, while System 1 is prone to errors.

    Deductive Reasoning Functions

    • A method for testing beliefs through structured logical arguments.

    Belief Perseverance

    • Continues endorsement of a belief despite evidence to the contrary.

    Belief Bias

    • Individuals are more inclined to judge a conclusion as valid if it aligns with pre-existing beliefs.

    Categorical Syllogisms

    • Logical arguments made up of two premises and a conclusion.

    The Atmosphere Effect

    • A matching strategy where the language used in the premises influences the conclusion.

    Conditional Statement

    • An antecedent sets a condition for the consequent, establishing logical relationships.

    Modus Ponens

    • A straightforward logical argument affirming the antecedent.

    Modus Tollens

    • A more complex logic form involving the denial of the consequent.

    Common Logical Errors

    • Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent are prevalent reasoning mistakes.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on Chapter 12 of Cognitive Psychology, covering the concepts of judgement and reasoning. It includes key definitions and distinctions between inductive and deductive reasoning, providing a comprehensive overview for learners.

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