Cognitive Psychology Chapter 12

Questions and Answers

How do we reason about things?

Inductively

Deductively

Both Inductively and Deductively (correct)

None of the above

What is deductive reasoning?

Starts with a general rule (a premise) which we know to be true, and from that rule, we make a true conclusion about something specific.

What is inductive reasoning?

The process of going from observations to conclusions.

Define induction in reasoning.

A pattern of reasoning in which one seeks to draw general claims from specific bits of evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a heuristic?

A strategy, guide, or approach that is applied in solving problems. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of attribute substitution?

To use a strategy when we do not have easy access to a desired piece of information. Signup and view all the answers

What does the availability heuristic indicate?

Ease with which examples come to mind is an index of frequency or likelihood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the representativeness heuristic?

It relies on resemblance when making category membership judgments. Signup and view all the answers

Define erroneous assumption.

What is true of one instance of a category must be true of the category as a whole. Signup and view all the answers

What is covariation?

A relationship between two variables in which the presence or magnitude of one can be predicted by that of the other. Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

Being more responsive to evidence that confirms one's beliefs and less responsive to evidence that challenges them. Signup and view all the answers

What is belief polarization?

Ambiguous information makes you believe your beliefs more strongly. Signup and view all the answers

Define overconfidence.

Maintenance or strengthening of your beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is base-rate information?

Information about the likelihood of an event. Signup and view all the answers

What is diagnostic information?

Information indicating whether an individual case belongs to a category. Signup and view all the answers

Does base rate have an impact on judgment?

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the dual-process model propose?

People have two distinct ways of thinking about evidence they encounter. Signup and view all the answers

What is System 1?

Thinking that is fast, automatic, and uses heuristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is System 2?

Thinking that is slower, effortful, and more likely to be correct. Signup and view all the answers

When should you use System 1 or System 2?

It depends on the context of the decision and how the problem is presented. Signup and view all the answers

Which system is more accurate?

System 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which system is prone to error?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of deduction in reasoning?

Provides a way to test beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What does belief perseverance mean?

A tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when evidence undermines it. Signup and view all the answers

What is belief bias?

When a conclusion aligns with preexisting beliefs, people are more likely to judge it as valid. Signup and view all the answers

What are categorical syllogisms?

Logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atmosphere effect?

Low-level matching strategy between the words in the premises and those in the conclusions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditional statement?

The first part (antecedent) provides a condition under which the second part (consequent) is guaranteed to be true. Signup and view all the answers

What does modus ponens refer to?

Affirming the antecedent. Signup and view all the answers

What does modus tollens refer to?

Denying the consequent. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two common errors of logic?

Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Judgment and Reasoning Concepts

Reasoning occurs primarily through two methods: inductive and deductive reasoning.

Deductive Reasoning

Involves starting with a general premise known to be true, leading to a specific conclusion.
Allows for a direct conclusion based on established facts.

Inductive Reasoning

Involves drawing general conclusions based on specific observations.
Moves from specific evidence to broader claims.

Induction

A reasoning approach that derives general claims from particular evidence.

Heuristics

Strategies applied to problem-solving, providing efficient and fairly accurate solutions.

Attribute Substitution

A strategy employed when direct information isn't readily available, often involving first impressions.

Availability Heuristic

A specific instance of attribute substitution where the ease of recalling examples influences perceptions of frequency or likelihood.

Representativeness Heuristic

Relies on similarity for making judgments about category membership, sometimes overlooking probability.

Erroneous Assumption

The misconception that what holds true for one instance applies to an entire category, potentially leading to faulty reasoning.

Covariation

Refers to the interrelationship between two variables where the presence or level of one predicts that of the other.

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing counter-evidence.

Belief Polarization

Ambiguous information typically reinforces existing beliefs, leading to stronger conviction.

Overconfidence

A bias where beliefs are maintained or reinforced despite opposing evidence.

Base-rate Information

Statistical information regarding the likelihood of an event, critical for accurate judgment.

Diagnostic Information

Information that helps classify whether a case fits within a certain category.

Detecting Covariation

Demonstrates that base-rate information has minimal influence on judgment.

Dual-Process Model

Suggests two distinct thinking approaches: intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2).

System 1

Fast, automatic, and heuristic-driven thinking process, often leading to errors.

System 2

Slower, more deliberate thinking process that is generally more accurate.

Contextual Decision-Making

The choice between System 1 and System 2 depends on the decision context, including time constraints and data presentation.

Accuracy of Systems

System 2 is recognized as the more accurate thinking process, while System 1 is prone to errors.

Deductive Reasoning Functions

A method for testing beliefs through structured logical arguments.

Belief Perseverance

Continues endorsement of a belief despite evidence to the contrary.

Belief Bias

Individuals are more inclined to judge a conclusion as valid if it aligns with pre-existing beliefs.

Categorical Syllogisms

Logical arguments made up of two premises and a conclusion.

The Atmosphere Effect

A matching strategy where the language used in the premises influences the conclusion.

Conditional Statement

An antecedent sets a condition for the consequent, establishing logical relationships.

Modus Ponens

A straightforward logical argument affirming the antecedent.

Modus Tollens

A more complex logic form involving the denial of the consequent.

Common Logical Errors

Affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent are prevalent reasoning mistakes.

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Description

This quiz focuses on Chapter 12 of Cognitive Psychology, covering the concepts of judgement and reasoning. It includes key definitions and distinctions between inductive and deductive reasoning, providing a comprehensive overview for learners.