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Questions and Answers
What was the primary purpose of Binet's development of intelligence tests?
What was the primary purpose of Binet's development of intelligence tests?
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'general intelligence' or the g factor?
Which psychologist is associated with the concept of 'general intelligence' or the g factor?
According to Thurstone's theory, how many primary mental abilities are there?
According to Thurstone's theory, how many primary mental abilities are there?
What aspect of intelligence testing has been a point of debate?
What aspect of intelligence testing has been a point of debate?
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Howard Gardner's theory challenges which traditional view of intelligence?
Howard Gardner's theory challenges which traditional view of intelligence?
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What is the primary function of private speech in Vygotsky's theory?
What is the primary function of private speech in Vygotsky's theory?
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At what age does Vygotsky suggest that inner speech typically begins to develop?
At what age does Vygotsky suggest that inner speech typically begins to develop?
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How does Vygotsky define the relationship between thought and language in early childhood?
How does Vygotsky define the relationship between thought and language in early childhood?
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Which form of speech is considered the first manifestation of inner speech according to Vygotsky?
Which form of speech is considered the first manifestation of inner speech according to Vygotsky?
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What is the key difference between private speech and inner speech?
What is the key difference between private speech and inner speech?
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Which level of scaffolding involves the student doing the activity while receiving no assistance?
Which level of scaffolding involves the student doing the activity while receiving no assistance?
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Which psychologist was among the first to focus on individual differences in intelligence?
Which psychologist was among the first to focus on individual differences in intelligence?
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What does Vygotsky mean by inner speech being 'thinking in pure meanings'?
What does Vygotsky mean by inner speech being 'thinking in pure meanings'?
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What cognitive ability allows children in the pre-operational stage to create and use symbols to represent objects and events?
What cognitive ability allows children in the pre-operational stage to create and use symbols to represent objects and events?
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At which cognitive development stage do children first begin to understand that properties of objects remain constant despite changes in appearance?
At which cognitive development stage do children first begin to understand that properties of objects remain constant despite changes in appearance?
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What term describes the pre-operational child's tendency to assume that everyone shares the same perspective as they do?
What term describes the pre-operational child's tendency to assume that everyone shares the same perspective as they do?
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Which ability allows a child in the concrete-operational stage to mentally reverse actions and understand that certain operations can be undone?
Which ability allows a child in the concrete-operational stage to mentally reverse actions and understand that certain operations can be undone?
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In which cognitive stage do children typically exhibit transductive reasoning, linking two unrelated events based on sequence rather than logical connection?
In which cognitive stage do children typically exhibit transductive reasoning, linking two unrelated events based on sequence rather than logical connection?
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What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
What characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
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Which ability involves the capacity to order or arrange objects based on a single dimension in the concrete-operational stage?
Which ability involves the capacity to order or arrange objects based on a single dimension in the concrete-operational stage?
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During the pre-operational stage, what is a child's tendency to attribute human-like characteristics to inanimate objects called?
During the pre-operational stage, what is a child's tendency to attribute human-like characteristics to inanimate objects called?
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What does the zone of proximal development (ZPD) indicate?
What does the zone of proximal development (ZPD) indicate?
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Who can be considered a more knowledgeable other (MKO)?
Who can be considered a more knowledgeable other (MKO)?
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What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
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What is the main concept behind scaffolding in education?
What is the main concept behind scaffolding in education?
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How does Vygotsky regard social interaction in the learning process?
How does Vygotsky regard social interaction in the learning process?
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What does Vygotsky mean by 'cooperative dialogue'?
What does Vygotsky mean by 'cooperative dialogue'?
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What happens to support in scaffolding as a student progresses?
What happens to support in scaffolding as a student progresses?
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What did Vygotsky suggest about the use of language in learning?
What did Vygotsky suggest about the use of language in learning?
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Which type of intelligence involves the ability to recognize and categorize objects in nature?
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to recognize and categorize objects in nature?
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What does Sternberg refer to as 'successful intelligence'?
What does Sternberg refer to as 'successful intelligence'?
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In the cognitive information processing theory, what are the three main stores of memory?
In the cognitive information processing theory, what are the three main stores of memory?
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Which type of intelligence is characterized by a well-developed sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words?
Which type of intelligence is characterized by a well-developed sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words?
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Which of the following best describes 'analytical intelligence' according to Sternberg?
Which of the following best describes 'analytical intelligence' according to Sternberg?
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What method of encoding involves changing information into sound?
What method of encoding involves changing information into sound?
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Among the intelligences proposed by Gardner, which one emphasizes the ability to visualize accurately?
Among the intelligences proposed by Gardner, which one emphasizes the ability to visualize accurately?
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Which intelligence type is defined as the ability to understand and relate to others' emotions?
Which intelligence type is defined as the ability to understand and relate to others' emotions?
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At what age do children typically transition from single-word speech to two-word speech?
At what age do children typically transition from single-word speech to two-word speech?
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What characterizes the telegraphic stage in language development?
What characterizes the telegraphic stage in language development?
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During which stage do children primarily use nouns and have a vocabulary of approximately 5-20 words?
During which stage do children primarily use nouns and have a vocabulary of approximately 5-20 words?
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What is a common characteristic of speech in the 18 to 24 months stage?
What is a common characteristic of speech in the 18 to 24 months stage?
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Which morphemes do children begin to use to broaden their speech in the multi-word stage?
Which morphemes do children begin to use to broaden their speech in the multi-word stage?
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What is a hallmark of speech development in five to six-year-olds?
What is a hallmark of speech development in five to six-year-olds?
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During the 3 to 4 years stage, which of the following is a common ability?
During the 3 to 4 years stage, which of the following is a common ability?
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At what age range do children start to use plurals and past tenses correctly in their speech?
At what age range do children start to use plurals and past tenses correctly in their speech?
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What percentage of speech is typically intelligible for children aged 2 to 3 years?
What percentage of speech is typically intelligible for children aged 2 to 3 years?
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By the age of three, what is a primary characteristic of children's vocabulary?
By the age of three, what is a primary characteristic of children's vocabulary?
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What is one of the major speech development milestones for children aged 4 to 5 years?
What is one of the major speech development milestones for children aged 4 to 5 years?
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Which stage involves children often indulging in make-believe and extensive verbalization?
Which stage involves children often indulging in make-believe and extensive verbalization?
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During which period do children first start to respond to their name and human voices?
During which period do children first start to respond to their name and human voices?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Development Theories
- Two key figures in cognitive development study are Piaget and Vygotsky
- Other theories exist, but often build on these two foundational theories
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a significant theorist in the field of cognitive development
- Piaget studied scientifically how children acquire knowledge
- Key concepts include schema, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
Basic Cognitive Concepts
- Schema: Mental structures used by individuals to adapt to and organize their environment
- Assimilation: The process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas
- Accommodation: The process of creating new schemas when existing ones don't fit new experiences
- Equilibration: Achieving balance between assimilation and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Stage 1
- Sensorimotor stage: Occurs from birth to infancy
- Initially reflexive actions (grasping, sucking) become more organized and intentional
- Focuses on the development of senses and muscle movement to learn about the world
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Stage 2
- Preoperational stage: Occurs from approximately 2 to 7 years old (preschool years)
- Children develop the ability to make mental representations and engage in pretend play.
- Key characteristics: Egocentrism, irreversibility, animism, and transductive reasoning
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Stage 3
- Concrete-Operational Stage: Begins around 7 years old
- Logical thought develops, but relies on tangible objects.
- Key characteristics: Decentering, reversibility, conservation, and seriation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Stage 4
- Formal Operational Stage: Appears around 11-12 years old and continues into adulthood
- Characterized by abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking (e.g., "what if" scenarios).
- Key characteristics: Hypothetical reasoning, analogical reasoning, and deductive reasoning
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
- Emphasizes social interaction in cognitive development.
- Children learn through interactions with more knowledgeable individuals.
- This social interaction is facilitated by the ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- The difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a skilled partner (more knowledgeable other).
- ZPD is a key area where support (scaffolding) helps development.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
- Individuals who possess a more advanced understanding than the learner in a particular area.
- This can include teachers, parents, peers, or others.
Scaffolding
- Support provided by a more knowledgeable other to help a learner master a task or concept within their ZPD.
- The support is gradually removed as the learner becomes more proficient.
Vygotsky and Language
- Language plays a crucial role in cognitive development.
- Language is a powerful tool for communication and adaptation.
- Differentiates social, private, and inner speech
Stages of First Language Acquisition
- Several stages that children go through to develop language: pre-talking, babbling, holophrastic, 2 word, telegraphic speech, and multiword speech.
- Different key milestones within each stage.
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Description
Explore the foundational theories of cognitive development as proposed by Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. This quiz covers key concepts such as schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and the stages of cognitive development. Perfect for psychology students or anyone interested in understanding how children learn and acquire knowledge.
