Questions and Answers
What does confirmation bias mainly involve?
Which bias involves overestimating the predictability of past events?
What is the difference between the horn effect and the halo effect?
Which type of bias is most likely to influence decision-making due to unconscious attitudes?
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What is self-serving bias primarily associated with?
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Which of the following biases would likely lead to favoring members of a particular social group?
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Which bias can cause a person to ignore situational factors when judging behavior?
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What is cognitive dissonance typically characterized by?
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Which bias involves emphasizing personal characteristics while overlooking situational factors in evaluating others?
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What does the availability heuristic cause individuals to do when making decisions?
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Which bias is characterized by favoring one's own group over others?
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What is the hallmark of cognitive dissonance?
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Which bias leads individuals to perceive events as obvious after they have occurred?
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Allowing a single negative characteristic of a person to affect the overall judgment of them is known as:
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Which concept refers to the unconscious influence of stereotypes and attitudes on behavior?
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What psychological concept describes the tendency to search for information that reaffirms one's preexisting beliefs?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Biases Overview
- Confirmation Bias: Tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs; affects searches, interpretation, and memory.
- Anchoring Bias: Dependence on the initial piece of information encountered when making decisions; early information serves as a reference point.
- Availability Heuristic: Prioritization of easily accessible or recent information, leading to distorted estimates of importance and relevance.
- Hindsight Bias: Belief that past events were predictable after they have occurred, often resulting in the "I knew it all along" effect.
Personal and Group Biases
- Self-Serving Bias: Attribution of positive outcomes to personal traits while blaming external factors for negative outcomes; promotes self-esteem.
- Ingroup Bias: Preference and favoritism towards members of one's own group as opposed to outsiders; fosters group cohesion.
- Stereotyping: Simplified and generalized beliefs about a group based on insufficient information; can lead to misinformation and prejudice.
Perception Influencers
- Halo Effect: The tendency for one positive quality in an individual to affect the overall perception of that person, overshadowing negative attributes.
- Horn Effect: Conversely, allowing one negative trait to bias the overall evaluation of an individual, influencing perceptions unfavorably.
Underlying Psychological Factors
- Implicit Bias: Uncontrolled and subconscious attitudes or stereotypes that shape perceptions and decisions without awareness.
- Cognitive Dissonance: Psychological discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs or values; often leads to changes in beliefs to reduce tension.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasis on personal disposition and neglect of contextual factors when evaluating others' behaviors, leading to misjudgments.
Cognitive Biases Overview
- Confirmation Bias: Tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs; affects searches, interpretation, and memory.
- Anchoring Bias: Dependence on the initial piece of information encountered when making decisions; early information serves as a reference point.
- Availability Heuristic: Prioritization of easily accessible or recent information, leading to distorted estimates of importance and relevance.
- Hindsight Bias: Belief that past events were predictable after they have occurred, often resulting in the "I knew it all along" effect.
Personal and Group Biases
- Self-Serving Bias: Attribution of positive outcomes to personal traits while blaming external factors for negative outcomes; promotes self-esteem.
- Ingroup Bias: Preference and favoritism towards members of one's own group as opposed to outsiders; fosters group cohesion.
- Stereotyping: Simplified and generalized beliefs about a group based on insufficient information; can lead to misinformation and prejudice.
Perception Influencers
- Halo Effect: The tendency for one positive quality in an individual to affect the overall perception of that person, overshadowing negative attributes.
- Horn Effect: Conversely, allowing one negative trait to bias the overall evaluation of an individual, influencing perceptions unfavorably.
Underlying Psychological Factors
- Implicit Bias: Uncontrolled and subconscious attitudes or stereotypes that shape perceptions and decisions without awareness.
- Cognitive Dissonance: Psychological discomfort arising from holding conflicting beliefs or values; often leads to changes in beliefs to reduce tension.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasis on personal disposition and neglect of contextual factors when evaluating others' behaviors, leading to misjudgments.
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Description
Explore the various cognitive biases that influence our decision-making and perceptions. This quiz covers biases such as confirmation, anchoring, and availability, along with personal and group biases like self-serving and ingroup bias. Test your knowledge on how these biases shape our judgments and interactions.
