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Questions and Answers
Which therapy is primarily designed for treating borderline personality disorder?
Which therapy is primarily designed for treating borderline personality disorder?
What is a significant component of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy?
What is a significant component of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy?
What does Acceptance and Commitment Therapy emphasize?
What does Acceptance and Commitment Therapy emphasize?
Which therapy has shown effectiveness for reducing suicide attempts?
Which therapy has shown effectiveness for reducing suicide attempts?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary focus of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a primary focus of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?
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What is the aim of Mindfulness in therapeutic practices?
What is the aim of Mindfulness in therapeutic practices?
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Which systematic review suggests that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective for managing chronic pain?
Which systematic review suggests that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective for managing chronic pain?
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Which therapy is recommended to prevent relapse in recurrent depression?
Which therapy is recommended to prevent relapse in recurrent depression?
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What was a significant finding from Tang et al (2017) regarding symptom reduction after a week-long intensive CBT course?
What was a significant finding from Tang et al (2017) regarding symptom reduction after a week-long intensive CBT course?
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How was culturally adapted CBT modified for use in Pakistan according to Naeem et al (2015)?
How was culturally adapted CBT modified for use in Pakistan according to Naeem et al (2015)?
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What do CBT approaches represent in terms of evidence for psychological disorders?
What do CBT approaches represent in terms of evidence for psychological disorders?
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What did some studies suggest about the relationship between correcting faulty thinking and clinical improvement in CBT?
What did some studies suggest about the relationship between correcting faulty thinking and clinical improvement in CBT?
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Which of the following critiques research findings in CBT for their applicability in clinical practice?
Which of the following critiques research findings in CBT for their applicability in clinical practice?
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According to the content, what impact might departing from CBT manuals have on effectiveness?
According to the content, what impact might departing from CBT manuals have on effectiveness?
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What assumption does cognitive therapy (CT) make about psychological disorders?
What assumption does cognitive therapy (CT) make about psychological disorders?
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In the context of CBT, what does the diversity perspective emphasize?
In the context of CBT, what does the diversity perspective emphasize?
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Which mental health conditions are NOT recommended for CBT according to NICE guidelines?
Which mental health conditions are NOT recommended for CBT according to NICE guidelines?
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What was the purpose of the £300 million investment by the government in 2008?
What was the purpose of the £300 million investment by the government in 2008?
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In the study by DeRubeis et al (2005), what was found about the effectiveness of cognitive therapy (CT) compared to antidepressant medication?
In the study by DeRubeis et al (2005), what was found about the effectiveness of cognitive therapy (CT) compared to antidepressant medication?
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What significant finding did Hollon et al (2005) report about cognitive therapy (CT)?
What significant finding did Hollon et al (2005) report about cognitive therapy (CT)?
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What was the outcome of Kani et al (2015) study regarding CBT for dental phobia?
What was the outcome of Kani et al (2015) study regarding CBT for dental phobia?
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According to the findings on gender and CBT efficacy, what factor may contribute to gender differences in treatment outcomes?
According to the findings on gender and CBT efficacy, what factor may contribute to gender differences in treatment outcomes?
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Which statement about the cultural applicability of CBT is correct?
Which statement about the cultural applicability of CBT is correct?
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In the 'Coping Cat' CBT Program, what was the age range of participants who showed improvement in anxiety scores?
In the 'Coping Cat' CBT Program, what was the age range of participants who showed improvement in anxiety scores?
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What are automatic thoughts primarily characterized by?
What are automatic thoughts primarily characterized by?
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Which area of focus is NOT part of the cognitive triad in Beck's model of depression?
Which area of focus is NOT part of the cognitive triad in Beck's model of depression?
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The goals of Beck's cognitive therapy include all of the following EXCEPT?
The goals of Beck's cognitive therapy include all of the following EXCEPT?
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What is the first step in the cognitive intervention process?
What is the first step in the cognitive intervention process?
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In cognitive behavioral therapy, what is the primary role of homework?
In cognitive behavioral therapy, what is the primary role of homework?
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Which of the following statements about cognitive distortions is true?
Which of the following statements about cognitive distortions is true?
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What distinguishes 3rd wave approaches from traditional CBT?
What distinguishes 3rd wave approaches from traditional CBT?
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Which intervention strategy helps clients engage more actively in therapy?
Which intervention strategy helps clients engage more actively in therapy?
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What is a common method employed in Beck's cognitive therapy for altering beliefs?
What is a common method employed in Beck's cognitive therapy for altering beliefs?
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Which aspect of automatic thoughts is typically emphasized in cognitive therapy?
Which aspect of automatic thoughts is typically emphasized in cognitive therapy?
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What is a fundamental principle of Cognitive Therapy as proposed by Aaron Beck?
What is a fundamental principle of Cognitive Therapy as proposed by Aaron Beck?
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Which of the following refers to the early formed beliefs about oneself and others in Cognitive Therapy?
Which of the following refers to the early formed beliefs about oneself and others in Cognitive Therapy?
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What type of thinking involves viewing situations in black-and-white terms?
What type of thinking involves viewing situations in black-and-white terms?
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Which technique is characterized by drawing conclusions based on insufficient evidence?
Which technique is characterized by drawing conclusions based on insufficient evidence?
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What is one reason for psychological distress according to Cognitive Therapy?
What is one reason for psychological distress according to Cognitive Therapy?
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Which cognitive distortion involves evaluating events as either significantly more or less important than they are?
Which cognitive distortion involves evaluating events as either significantly more or less important than they are?
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Which is a key goal of Cognitive Therapy?
Which is a key goal of Cognitive Therapy?
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What approach does Cognitive Therapy primarily reject?
What approach does Cognitive Therapy primarily reject?
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What does selective abstraction involve?
What does selective abstraction involve?
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What characterizes a systematic bias within psychological disturbances?
What characterizes a systematic bias within psychological disturbances?
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Study Notes
Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches 3
- Lecture 10, covering Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches 3, is part of a larger course, PSGY1009: Psychological Approaches to Therapy.
- A quiz on Block 4 is available on Moodle.
- Learning objectives include describing Beck's cognitive therapy (CT) principles, goals, and process; outlining important cognitive and behavioral techniques used in therapy; and evaluating CBT as an approach.
Cognitive Therapy (CT): Theory
- Aaron Beck (1921-2021) was born in Rhode Island and completed a psychiatry rotation against his wishes.
- He began research into depression in the 1950s, rejecting psychoanalytic accounts based on data.
- Beck is a professor emeritus of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research.
- He authored/co-authored over 600 articles and 25 books.
- He developed important psychological tests, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
Basic Principles of CT
- Information processing is critical for survival.
- Feelings and behaviour are based on how we perceive and structure experiences (cognition).
- Fundamental beliefs and assumptions about self, others, and goals develop early in life through experiences and form schemas.
- Schemas affect how we select and perceive information.
Psychological Distress
- Evolutionary, biological, environmental, and developmental factors contribute to psychological distress.
- Schemas create unique cognitive vulnerabilities, predisposing individuals to distress.
- Psychological disorders result from systematic biases in information processing.
- These include rigid and absolutist thinking (cognitive distortions).
Cognitive Distortions
- Magnification/Minimization: Events are perceived as more significant or less significant than they are.
- Selective Abstraction: Drawing conclusions based on isolated pieces of evidence rather than the whole picture.
- Arbitrary Inference: Drawing conclusions without evidence.
- Dichotomous Thinking: Evaluating experiences as extremes (e.g., all or nothing).
- Personalization: Events are seen as related solely to the self.
- Over-generalization: Drawing broad conclusions from one single event.
Automatic Thoughts
- Automatic thoughts are involuntary, recurring words or images that occur rapidly at the edge of awareness.
- They are similar to Freud's preconscious and Ellis' self-talk.
- They reflect schema content.
- In psychological disorders, negative automatic thoughts (NATs) are common.
- NATs are generally plausible but unrealistic and can become frequent and severe.
Cognitive Model: Depression
- A systematic bias towards negative information exists in three areas (the cognitive triad): self, future, and world.
- As depression worsens, depressive schemas become more activated and worsen cognitive distortions.
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
- The goal of therapy is to correct faulty information processing.
- This involves symptom relief, and by adjusting beliefs and automatic thoughts as testable hypotheses
- Patients learn to become their own therapist.
- There are similarities with Ellis' REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy)
Therapy Process
- An initial in-depth session analyzes functional and cognitive patterns, and problem lists are drawn up.
- Treatment involves weekly sessions (5-16).
- Homework assignments are given; the therapeutic style is Rogerian but differs from Ellis'
- The approach is collaborative (co-investigator); techniques include collaborative empiricism and guided discovery (e.g., disputing automatic thoughts).
Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions
- Replacing distorted NATs and beliefs with more realistic information processing.
- Techniques include eliciting and identifying NATs, reality-testing and correcting NATS, identifying and altering beliefs.
- Cognitive interventions utilize socrates dialogues, decatastrophizing, and decentring; behavioral interventions include rating mastery/pleasure, rehearsing behaviour, hypothesis testing, and assigning graded tasks.
3rd Wave Approaches
- 3rd wave approaches complement and extend CBT, promoting wellbeing by being more holistic, rather than focused on symptoms.
- 3rd wave CBT shifts focus from thoughts to a broader context
- Many 3rd wave concepts, such as values, mindfulness, and acceptance, are increasingly integrated into CBT.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
- DBT emphasizes that two opposing things can be true, such as accepting oneself while changing.
- Primarily used for borderline personality disorder, but also for depression, preventing self-harm, and eating disorders.
- DBT is based on CBT but adapted for those with intensely strong emotions.
- The focus is on self-acceptance, emotion regulation, and strengthening interpersonal relationships.
- Systematic reviews show effectiveness for disorders like eating disorders and BPD, but DBT is less effective in reducing suicide attempts and has mixed results against depression.
Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
- Combines mindfulness techniques with CBT.
- Techniques like meditation, breathing exercises, and stretching help observe and recognize thoughts without reacting.
- Improves identification of thoughts, allows challenging and changing thoughts, helping to prevent relapse in recurrent depression.
- NICE recommends MBCT for preventing relapse in recurrent depression, supported by evidence like from Fjorback et al (2011).
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
- ACT focuses on accepting thoughts and feelings as parts of experience, rather than fighting or changing them.
- It is less about directly changing thoughts and more about aligning actions with values.
- ACT helps by finding values and aligning them with client goals
- Used for conditions like chronic pain, and has shown effectiveness in improving chronic pain, depression, and anxiety.
Effectiveness and Evaluation of CBT
- CBT is supported by substantial evidence and widely considered an effective evidence-based treatment (EBT) for diverse psychological disorders.
- Some research suggests little difference in effectiveness across various types of psychological treatment.
- CBT's effectiveness is challenged based on the generalizability of research findings to practice, where therapist drift and departures from manuals might affect effectiveness.
Culturally Adapted CBT
- Culturally adapted CBT methods address cultural considerations by incorporating relevant cultural contexts, such as integrating aspects of indigenous cultures.
- Such approaches may work better than standardized CBT approaches in patients from different cultures.
- Some successful examples include adapting CBT for use in Pakistan by Naeem et al (2015).
Summary
- Beck posits that psychological disorders stem from faulty information processing, demonstrating a bias towards certain types of information (e.g., negative).
- CBT's main goal is to correct faulty information processing by using cognitive and behavioral techniques to identify, test, and modify negative automatic thoughts and beliefs.
- CBT is widely supported by empirical evidence and is consistently effective.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches 3 as part of the PSGY1009 course on Psychological Approaches to Therapy. Participants will explore the principles of Beck's cognitive therapy, and evaluate key techniques in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Prepare to enhance your understanding of these vital therapeutic approaches.
