Cognitive and Biological Factors in Cross-Cultural Learning Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?

The application of operant conditioning

The principles of classical conditioning (correct)

The biology of fear conditioning

The role of cognition in learning

What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?

The role of cognition in learning

The consequences of behavior (correct)

The principles of classical conditioning

The antecedent conditions for response

What did Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory primarily focus on?

The principles of classical conditioning

Observational learning and behavior modeling (correct)

The biology of fear conditioning

The role of cognition in learning

What did the search for mechanisms in learning primarily aim to understand?

How we learn and adapt to the environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

Intense and aversive conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?

Forward short-delay pairing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?

Simultaneous pairing Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction weaken and eventually eliminate?

The CR Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?

Forward pairing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

Intense and aversive conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What are some sources of fear when flying mentioned in the text?

Unusual sounds, turbulence, and a loss of control Signup and view all the answers

What traditional methods to overcome fear of flying are mentioned in the text?

Drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings Signup and view all the answers

Where is Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre located?

Montreal Signup and view all the answers

What does the two-day course at DePlour Training Centre include?

Seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, and a flight simulator experience Signup and view all the answers

What does Captain Plourde demonstrate using a model of an Airbus A330?

Intentionally breaking the wing to showcase safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?

94% Signup and view all the answers

How many people out of 500 have failed to take the 'liberty flight' after the course at DePlour Training Centre?

Four Signup and view all the answers

Who emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety?

Captain Tom Bunn Signup and view all the answers

What does the chapter explore in terms of learning processes?

Basic learning processes including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What did behaviorists historically focus on in the study of learning?

How organisms learn and adapt to the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is observational learning concerned with?

Learning through observation and imitation Signup and view all the answers

What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?

Theology Signup and view all the answers

What led to the discovery of classical conditioning?

An accidental observation during digestion research in dogs Signup and view all the answers

What is the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning called?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing?

Neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?

Tone Signup and view all the answers

What does acquisition in classical conditioning typically require for establishing a strong conditioned response (CR)?

Multiple pairings of conditioned stimulus (CS) with unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of a tone becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?

It became a CS more rapidly when followed by greater amounts of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the key adaptive function of classical conditioning?

Alerting organisms to stimuli signaling the impending arrival of an important event Signup and view all the answers

What is each pairing of the tone and the food called in classical conditioning?

Learning trial Signup and view all the answers

What is the discovery of classical conditioning by Pavlov regarded as in the history of psychology?

Among the most important Signup and view all the answers

What is habituation?

A decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus Signup and view all the answers

How is sensory adaptation different from habituation?

Sensory adaptation refers to a decreased sensory response to a continuously present stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is sensitization?

An increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

A learning process where an organism associates two stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?

The impact of culture on learning Signup and view all the answers

Why is culture's impact on learning not surprising?

Learning represents adaptation to the environment and culture is part of the human-made environment Signup and view all the answers

What do learning mechanisms fostering adaptation have in common among humans and other species?

They are universal among humans and some occur across countless species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms does habituation occur in, according to the text?

Humans, dragonflies, and sea snails Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sensitization?

To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What role do cognitive and biological factors play in learning, as per the text?

Important roles Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of classical conditioning provided in the text?

Songs that make one feel good or the aroma of popcorn making one's mouth water Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of habituation and sensitization, as per the text?

They are universal learning mechanisms found across a wide range of species Signup and view all the answers

What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?

The consequence of a behavior determines the likelihood of it being repeated Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?

Generalization Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

Prepared conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period and without new learning trials?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?

Forward short-delay pairing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?

Extinction Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

Intense and aversive conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?

Forward pairing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov find about a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone?

It is more likely to salivate to a new tone slightly different in pitch Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?

Simultaneous pairing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is habituation?

A decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sensitization?

To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is classical conditioning?

A learning process where an organism associates two stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory adaptation?

A decreased sensory response to a continuously present stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?

The impact of culture on learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of culture on learning?

Not surprising as learning represents adaptation to the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal function of learning mechanisms fostering adaptation?

Adaptation to the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of classical conditioning?

Songs that make one feel good Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cognitive and biological factors in learning?

To expand understanding of learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of habituation and sensitization on learning mechanisms?

Universal learning mechanisms found across a wide range of species Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between habituation and sensory adaptation?

Habituation is a decrease in response strength, while sensory adaptation is a decreased sensory response Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sensitization in terms of stimulus response?

To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?

Theology Signup and view all the answers

What was the accidental but important discovery made by Pavlov?

The process of classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What is paired in classical conditioning to produce a conditioned response (CR)?

Neutral stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Signup and view all the answers

What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?

The tone Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of conditioning of a tone as a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

It became a CS more rapidly when followed by greater amounts of food Signup and view all the answers

What does classical conditioning alert organisms to?

Stimuli that signal the impending arrival of an important event Signup and view all the answers

What must a conditioned stimulus (CS) typically be paired multiple times with to establish a strong conditioned response (CR)?

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning lead to being regarded as?

Among the most important in the history of psychology Signup and view all the answers

What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?

The period during which a response is being learned Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing to produce a conditioned response (CR)?

Neutral stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Signup and view all the answers

What traditional methods are mentioned for overcoming fear of flying?

Drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings Signup and view all the answers

What does Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre offer to reduce fear of flying?

A two-day course with seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, as well as a flight simulator experience Signup and view all the answers

What is demonstrated using a model of an Airbus A330 at the DePlour Training Centre?

A deliberate breaking of the wing to showcase safety measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?

94% Signup and view all the answers

Who also runs a similar program to reduce fear of flying in the US?

Captain Tom Bunn Signup and view all the answers

What does Captain Tom Bunn emphasize about flying despite its safety?

The emotional anxiety of flying Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic learning processes explored in the chapter?

Habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What did behaviourists historically define learning as?

A process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives Signup and view all the answers

What is considered in the study of learning in addition to observational learning?

The role of cognition in conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What does learning lead to according to the provided information?

A relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Conditioning: Key Concepts and Processes

Intense and aversive conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing, leading to fear response like in a car accident
Fear (UCR) can become the CR triggered by the sight of cars or the thought of driving after a single intense UCS pairing
Learning usually occurs most quickly with forward short-delay pairing, where the CS appears first and is still present when the UCS appears
Forward pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS
Simultaneous pairing produces less rapid conditioning, while backward pairing results in slow or no learning
Extinction weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials
Practical applications of extinction, such as treatment of phobias, require multiple sessions due to spontaneous recovery
Once a CR is acquired, the organism often responds not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli
Stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR, a phenomenon known as stimulus generalization
The greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur
Pavlov found that a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone is more likely to salivate to a new tone slightly different in pitch

Overcoming Fear of Flying with DePlour Training Centre

20% of air passengers experience fear when flying, with 3% experiencing panic, causing them to avoid air travel completely
Fear stems from various sources including media reports, unusual sounds, turbulence, and a loss of control
Traditional methods to overcome fear include drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings, with limited success
Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre in Montreal offers a two-day course to reduce fear of flying
The course includes seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, as well as a flight simulator experience
Plourde demonstrates aircraft design using a model of an Airbus A330, intentionally breaking the wing to showcase safety measures
The program claims a 94% satisfaction rate and only four out of 500 people have failed to take the "liberty flight" after the course
Captain Tom Bunn, who runs a similar program in the US, emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety
Learning is a process that leads to a relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities
The chapter explores basic learning processes including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
Observational learning and the role of cognition in conditioning are also considered in the study of learning
Behaviourists historically defined learning as a process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives, focusing on how organisms learn and adapt to the environment

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Description

Test your knowledge of cognitive and biological factors in learning and their impact on cross-cultural psychology with this quiz. Explore universal learning mechanisms and their occurrence across different species, and gain insights into the influence of culture on learning.