Cognitive and Biological Factors in Cross-Cultural Learning Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?

  • The application of operant conditioning
  • The principles of classical conditioning (correct)
  • The biology of fear conditioning
  • The role of cognition in learning

    • What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?

  • The role of cognition in learning
  • The consequences of behavior (correct)
  • The principles of classical conditioning
  • The antecedent conditions for response

    • What did Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory primarily focus on?

  • The principles of classical conditioning
  • Observational learning and behavior modeling (correct)
  • The biology of fear conditioning
  • The role of cognition in learning

    • What did the search for mechanisms in learning primarily aim to understand?

    <p>How we learn and adapt to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

    <p>Intense and aversive conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?

    <p>Forward short-delay pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?

    <p>Stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?

    <p>Simultaneous pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extinction weaken and eventually eliminate?

    <p>The CR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?

    <p>Stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?

    <p>Forward pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?

    <p>Stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

    <p>Intense and aversive conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some sources of fear when flying mentioned in the text?

    <p>Unusual sounds, turbulence, and a loss of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traditional methods to overcome fear of flying are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre located?

    <p>Montreal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the two-day course at DePlour Training Centre include?

    <p>Seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, and a flight simulator experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Captain Plourde demonstrate using a model of an Airbus A330?

    <p>Intentionally breaking the wing to showcase safety measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?

    <p>94%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people out of 500 have failed to take the 'liberty flight' after the course at DePlour Training Centre?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety?

    <p>Captain Tom Bunn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the chapter explore in terms of learning processes?

    <p>Basic learning processes including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did behaviorists historically focus on in the study of learning?

    <p>How organisms learn and adapt to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observational learning concerned with?

    <p>Learning through observation and imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?

    <p>Theology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the discovery of classical conditioning?

    <p>An accidental observation during digestion research in dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning called?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing?

    <p>Neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?

    <p>Tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acquisition in classical conditioning typically require for establishing a strong conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>Multiple pairings of conditioned stimulus (CS) with unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of a tone becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?

    <p>It became a CS more rapidly when followed by greater amounts of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key adaptive function of classical conditioning?

    <p>Alerting organisms to stimuli signaling the impending arrival of an important event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is each pairing of the tone and the food called in classical conditioning?

    <p>Learning trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the discovery of classical conditioning by Pavlov regarded as in the history of psychology?

    <p>Among the most important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is habituation?

    <p>A decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sensory adaptation different from habituation?

    <p>Sensory adaptation refers to a decreased sensory response to a continuously present stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sensitization?

    <p>An increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning?

    <p>A learning process where an organism associates two stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?

    <p>The impact of culture on learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is culture's impact on learning not surprising?

    <p>Learning represents adaptation to the environment and culture is part of the human-made environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do learning mechanisms fostering adaptation have in common among humans and other species?

    <p>They are universal among humans and some occur across countless species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms does habituation occur in, according to the text?

    <p>Humans, dragonflies, and sea snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sensitization?

    <p>To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cognitive and biological factors play in learning, as per the text?

    <p>Important roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of classical conditioning provided in the text?

    <p>Songs that make one feel good or the aroma of popcorn making one's mouth water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of habituation and sensitization, as per the text?

    <p>They are universal learning mechanisms found across a wide range of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?

    <p>The consequence of a behavior determines the likelihood of it being repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

    <p>Prepared conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period and without new learning trials?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?

    <p>Forward short-delay pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?

    <p>Extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?

    <p>Intense and aversive conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?

    <p>Stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?

    <p>Forward pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pavlov find about a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone?

    <p>It is more likely to salivate to a new tone slightly different in pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?

    <p>Stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?

    <p>Simultaneous pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?

    <p>Stimulus generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?

    <p>Classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is habituation?

    <p>A decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sensitization?

    <p>To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning?

    <p>A learning process where an organism associates two stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sensory adaptation?

    <p>A decreased sensory response to a continuously present stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?

    <p>The impact of culture on learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of culture on learning?

    <p>Not surprising as learning represents adaptation to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the universal function of learning mechanisms fostering adaptation?

    <p>Adaptation to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of classical conditioning?

    <p>Songs that make one feel good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cognitive and biological factors in learning?

    <p>To expand understanding of learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of habituation and sensitization on learning mechanisms?

    <p>Universal learning mechanisms found across a wide range of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between habituation and sensory adaptation?

    <p>Habituation is a decrease in response strength, while sensory adaptation is a decreased sensory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sensitization in terms of stimulus response?

    <p>To increase responses to a potentially dangerous stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?

    <p>Theology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the accidental but important discovery made by Pavlov?

    <p>The process of classical conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning?

    <p>Acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is paired in classical conditioning to produce a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>Neutral stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?

    <p>The tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of conditioning of a tone as a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

    <p>It became a CS more rapidly when followed by greater amounts of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does classical conditioning alert organisms to?

    <p>Stimuli that signal the impending arrival of an important event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must a conditioned stimulus (CS) typically be paired multiple times with to establish a strong conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning lead to being regarded as?

    <p>Among the most important in the history of psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>The period during which a response is being learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing to produce a conditioned response (CR)?

    <p>Neutral stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traditional methods are mentioned for overcoming fear of flying?

    <p>Drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre offer to reduce fear of flying?

    <p>A two-day course with seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, as well as a flight simulator experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is demonstrated using a model of an Airbus A330 at the DePlour Training Centre?

    <p>A deliberate breaking of the wing to showcase safety measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?

    <p>94%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who also runs a similar program to reduce fear of flying in the US?

    <p>Captain Tom Bunn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Captain Tom Bunn emphasize about flying despite its safety?

    <p>The emotional anxiety of flying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic learning processes explored in the chapter?

    <p>Habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did behaviourists historically define learning as?

    <p>A process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered in the study of learning in addition to observational learning?

    <p>The role of cognition in conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does learning lead to according to the provided information?

    <p>A relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classical Conditioning: Key Concepts and Processes

    • Intense and aversive conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing, leading to fear response like in a car accident
    • Fear (UCR) can become the CR triggered by the sight of cars or the thought of driving after a single intense UCS pairing
    • Learning usually occurs most quickly with forward short-delay pairing, where the CS appears first and is still present when the UCS appears
    • Forward pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS
    • Simultaneous pairing produces less rapid conditioning, while backward pairing results in slow or no learning
    • Extinction weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
    • Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials
    • Practical applications of extinction, such as treatment of phobias, require multiple sessions due to spontaneous recovery
    • Once a CR is acquired, the organism often responds not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli
    • Stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR, a phenomenon known as stimulus generalization
    • The greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur
    • Pavlov found that a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone is more likely to salivate to a new tone slightly different in pitch

    Overcoming Fear of Flying with DePlour Training Centre

    • 20% of air passengers experience fear when flying, with 3% experiencing panic, causing them to avoid air travel completely
    • Fear stems from various sources including media reports, unusual sounds, turbulence, and a loss of control
    • Traditional methods to overcome fear include drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings, with limited success
    • Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre in Montreal offers a two-day course to reduce fear of flying
    • The course includes seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, as well as a flight simulator experience
    • Plourde demonstrates aircraft design using a model of an Airbus A330, intentionally breaking the wing to showcase safety measures
    • The program claims a 94% satisfaction rate and only four out of 500 people have failed to take the "liberty flight" after the course
    • Captain Tom Bunn, who runs a similar program in the US, emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety
    • Learning is a process that leads to a relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities
    • The chapter explores basic learning processes including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
    • Observational learning and the role of cognition in conditioning are also considered in the study of learning
    • Behaviourists historically defined learning as a process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives, focusing on how organisms learn and adapt to the environment

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of cognitive and biological factors in learning and their impact on cross-cultural psychology with this quiz. Explore universal learning mechanisms and their occurrence across different species, and gain insights into the influence of culture on learning.

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