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Questions and Answers
What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?
What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?
- The application of operant conditioning
- The principles of classical conditioning (correct)
- The biology of fear conditioning
- The role of cognition in learning
What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?
What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?
- The role of cognition in learning
- The consequences of behavior (correct)
- The principles of classical conditioning
- The antecedent conditions for response
What did Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory primarily focus on?
What did Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory primarily focus on?
- The principles of classical conditioning
- Observational learning and behavior modeling (correct)
- The biology of fear conditioning
- The role of cognition in learning
What did the search for mechanisms in learning primarily aim to understand?
What did the search for mechanisms in learning primarily aim to understand?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
Which type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?
Which type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?
What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?
What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?
What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?
What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?
What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?
What does extinction weaken and eventually eliminate?
What does extinction weaken and eventually eliminate?
What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?
What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?
What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?
What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?
What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?
What are some sources of fear when flying mentioned in the text?
What are some sources of fear when flying mentioned in the text?
What traditional methods to overcome fear of flying are mentioned in the text?
What traditional methods to overcome fear of flying are mentioned in the text?
Where is Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre located?
Where is Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre located?
What does the two-day course at DePlour Training Centre include?
What does the two-day course at DePlour Training Centre include?
What does Captain Plourde demonstrate using a model of an Airbus A330?
What does Captain Plourde demonstrate using a model of an Airbus A330?
What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?
What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?
How many people out of 500 have failed to take the 'liberty flight' after the course at DePlour Training Centre?
How many people out of 500 have failed to take the 'liberty flight' after the course at DePlour Training Centre?
Who emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety?
Who emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety?
What does the chapter explore in terms of learning processes?
What does the chapter explore in terms of learning processes?
What did behaviorists historically focus on in the study of learning?
What did behaviorists historically focus on in the study of learning?
What is observational learning concerned with?
What is observational learning concerned with?
What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?
What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?
What led to the discovery of classical conditioning?
What led to the discovery of classical conditioning?
What is the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning called?
What is the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning called?
What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing?
What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing?
What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?
What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?
What does acquisition in classical conditioning typically require for establishing a strong conditioned response (CR)?
What does acquisition in classical conditioning typically require for establishing a strong conditioned response (CR)?
What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of a tone becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of a tone becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
What is the key adaptive function of classical conditioning?
What is the key adaptive function of classical conditioning?
What is each pairing of the tone and the food called in classical conditioning?
What is each pairing of the tone and the food called in classical conditioning?
What is the discovery of classical conditioning by Pavlov regarded as in the history of psychology?
What is the discovery of classical conditioning by Pavlov regarded as in the history of psychology?
What is habituation?
What is habituation?
How is sensory adaptation different from habituation?
How is sensory adaptation different from habituation?
What is sensitization?
What is sensitization?
What is classical conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?
What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?
Why is culture's impact on learning not surprising?
Why is culture's impact on learning not surprising?
What do learning mechanisms fostering adaptation have in common among humans and other species?
What do learning mechanisms fostering adaptation have in common among humans and other species?
Which of the following organisms does habituation occur in, according to the text?
Which of the following organisms does habituation occur in, according to the text?
What is the purpose of sensitization?
What is the purpose of sensitization?
What role do cognitive and biological factors play in learning, as per the text?
What role do cognitive and biological factors play in learning, as per the text?
What is an example of classical conditioning provided in the text?
What is an example of classical conditioning provided in the text?
What is the impact of habituation and sensitization, as per the text?
What is the impact of habituation and sensitization, as per the text?
What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?
What did Thorndike's Law of Effect emphasize in operant conditioning?
What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response (CR) after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?
What type of pairing usually occurs most quickly for learning?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?
What weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What type of conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing to lead to fear response like in a car accident?
What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
What is the term for the organism responding not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli?
What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?
What type of pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What did Pavlov find about a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone?
What did Pavlov find about a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone?
What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?
What is the phenomenon known as when stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR?
What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?
What type of pairing produces less rapid conditioning?
What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?
What is the term for the greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur?
What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?
What did Pavlov's pioneering research primarily focus on?
What is habituation?
What is habituation?
What is the purpose of sensitization?
What is the purpose of sensitization?
What is classical conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
What is sensory adaptation?
What is sensory adaptation?
What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?
What does cross-cultural research highlight about learning?
What is the impact of culture on learning?
What is the impact of culture on learning?
What is the universal function of learning mechanisms fostering adaptation?
What is the universal function of learning mechanisms fostering adaptation?
What is an example of classical conditioning?
What is an example of classical conditioning?
What is the primary role of cognitive and biological factors in learning?
What is the primary role of cognitive and biological factors in learning?
What is the impact of habituation and sensitization on learning mechanisms?
What is the impact of habituation and sensitization on learning mechanisms?
What is the key difference between habituation and sensory adaptation?
What is the key difference between habituation and sensory adaptation?
What is the purpose of sensitization in terms of stimulus response?
What is the purpose of sensitization in terms of stimulus response?
What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?
What did Ivan Pavlov initially study before becoming a renowned physiologist?
What was the accidental but important discovery made by Pavlov?
What was the accidental but important discovery made by Pavlov?
What is the term for the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning?
What is the term for the period during which a response is being learned in classical conditioning?
What is paired in classical conditioning to produce a conditioned response (CR)?
What is paired in classical conditioning to produce a conditioned response (CR)?
What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?
What becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) capable of eliciting a salivation response in classical conditioning?
What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of conditioning of a tone as a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What did Pavlov find regarding the speed of conditioning of a tone as a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
What does classical conditioning alert organisms to?
What does classical conditioning alert organisms to?
What must a conditioned stimulus (CS) typically be paired multiple times with to establish a strong conditioned response (CR)?
What must a conditioned stimulus (CS) typically be paired multiple times with to establish a strong conditioned response (CR)?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What is the term for the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials?
What did Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning lead to being regarded as?
What did Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning lead to being regarded as?
What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
What does acquisition refer to in classical conditioning?
What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing to produce a conditioned response (CR)?
What does the process of classical conditioning involve pairing to produce a conditioned response (CR)?
What traditional methods are mentioned for overcoming fear of flying?
What traditional methods are mentioned for overcoming fear of flying?
What does Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre offer to reduce fear of flying?
What does Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre offer to reduce fear of flying?
What is demonstrated using a model of an Airbus A330 at the DePlour Training Centre?
What is demonstrated using a model of an Airbus A330 at the DePlour Training Centre?
What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?
What is the claimed satisfaction rate of the program at DePlour Training Centre?
Who also runs a similar program to reduce fear of flying in the US?
Who also runs a similar program to reduce fear of flying in the US?
What does Captain Tom Bunn emphasize about flying despite its safety?
What does Captain Tom Bunn emphasize about flying despite its safety?
What are the basic learning processes explored in the chapter?
What are the basic learning processes explored in the chapter?
What did behaviourists historically define learning as?
What did behaviourists historically define learning as?
What is considered in the study of learning in addition to observational learning?
What is considered in the study of learning in addition to observational learning?
What does learning lead to according to the provided information?
What does learning lead to according to the provided information?
What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?
What percentage of air passengers experience fear when flying?
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Study Notes
Classical Conditioning: Key Concepts and Processes
- Intense and aversive conditioning may require only one CS-UCS pairing, leading to fear response like in a car accident
- Fear (UCR) can become the CR triggered by the sight of cars or the thought of driving after a single intense UCS pairing
- Learning usually occurs most quickly with forward short-delay pairing, where the CS appears first and is still present when the UCS appears
- Forward pairing has adaptive value as it signals the impending arrival of the UCS
- Simultaneous pairing produces less rapid conditioning, while backward pairing results in slow or no learning
- Extinction weakens and eventually eliminates the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials
- Practical applications of extinction, such as treatment of phobias, require multiple sessions due to spontaneous recovery
- Once a CR is acquired, the organism often responds not only to the original CS, but also to similar stimuli
- Stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR, a phenomenon known as stimulus generalization
- The greater the stimulus similarity, the greater the chance that a CR will occur
- Pavlov found that a dog that salivates to a medium-pitched tone is more likely to salivate to a new tone slightly different in pitch
Overcoming Fear of Flying with DePlour Training Centre
- 20% of air passengers experience fear when flying, with 3% experiencing panic, causing them to avoid air travel completely
- Fear stems from various sources including media reports, unusual sounds, turbulence, and a loss of control
- Traditional methods to overcome fear include drugs, hypnosis, and self-help recordings, with limited success
- Captain Marc-Antoine Plourde's DePlour Training Centre in Montreal offers a two-day course to reduce fear of flying
- The course includes seminars on pilot training, aircraft design, and maintenance, as well as a flight simulator experience
- Plourde demonstrates aircraft design using a model of an Airbus A330, intentionally breaking the wing to showcase safety measures
- The program claims a 94% satisfaction rate and only four out of 500 people have failed to take the "liberty flight" after the course
- Captain Tom Bunn, who runs a similar program in the US, emphasizes the emotional anxiety of flying despite its safety
- Learning is a process that leads to a relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities
- The chapter explores basic learning processes including habituation, sensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning
- Observational learning and the role of cognition in conditioning are also considered in the study of learning
- Behaviourists historically defined learning as a process of personal adaptation to the ever-changing circumstances of our lives, focusing on how organisms learn and adapt to the environment
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