Cognition and Language Development

Questions and Answers

Psychologists who study cognition focus on the mental activities associated with what 3 things?

Thinking, remembering, and communication

What is an unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when evidence proves us wrong?

Belief perseverance

The best example of a particular category is called what?

A prototype

What is all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating called?

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

What is a complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior called?

Instinct Signup and view all the answers

How many phonemes are in the English language?

40 Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language?

Phoneme Signup and view all the answers

The earliest stage of speech development is what?

Babbling Signup and view all the answers

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with what stage of language development?

Two-word Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech called?

Broca's area Signup and view all the answers

What is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people called?

Concept Signup and view all the answers

What is our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts called?

Intuitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the search for information that supports our preconceptions?

Confirmation bias Signup and view all the answers

What are simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently?

Heuristics Signup and view all the answers

What is a methodical step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem?

Algorithm Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when you word a question or present an issue in a way that evokes a desired judgment?

Framing Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong?

Overconfidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective called?

Fixation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes?

Representativeness heuristic Signup and view all the answers

What is our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence?

Availability heuristic Signup and view all the answers

Most humans are genetically predisposed to what?

Form close, enduring relationships Signup and view all the answers

For many skills, childhood represents a ______________ for mastery of that skill.

Critical period Signup and view all the answers

What is a measure of how valued and accepted we feel?

Self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas called?

Creativity Signup and view all the answers

Our first words are mainly what type of words?

Nouns Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an STI?

Herpes Signup and view all the answers

Alcohol use prior to sex by teens causes what to happen with their self-awareness and condom use?

Reduced self-awareness and less likely to use a condom Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?

An excitement stage Signup and view all the answers

What is having no sexual attraction to others referred to as?

Asexual Signup and view all the answers

The human immunodeficiency virus has been found to be the cause of what?

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Obesity can be classified as a high what?

Body mass index Signup and view all the answers

Food consumption often appears to depend on what?

Situational influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy in the body?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a basic bodily requirement?

Physiological need Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when you expand the number of possible solutions to a problem?

Divergent thinking Signup and view all the answers

Infants are able to recognize the names of objects before they can say words, which shows the capacity for what type of language?

Receptive language Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when you combine words into grammatically sensible sentences?

Syntax Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition and Mental Processes

Psychologists studying cognition focus on thinking, remembering, and communication.
Cognition encompasses all mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Language Development

Babbling is the earliest stage of speech development.
Telegraphic speech, characterized by two-word sentences, is a significant milestone in language development.
The first words produced by infants are primarily nouns.
Syntax refers to the combination of words into grammatically sensible sentences.
Receptive language is the ability to recognize names of objects before verbal expression.

Speech and Sound

Phonemes, the smallest distinctive sound units in language, number around 40 in English.
Broca's area in the cerebral cortex controls muscle movements involved in speech.

Cognitive Biases and Heuristics

Belief perseverance describes the refusal to alter beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek information that confirms existing beliefs.
Intuitions refer to our effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts.
Heuristics are simple thinking strategies that simplify problem-solving and judgement.
An algorithm is a step-by-step method ensuring a solution to a problem.
Framing manipulates the presentation of issues to elicit desired judgments.
Overconfidence is the tendency to underestimate our own errors in judgment.

Problem-Solving and Fixed Perspectives

Fixation is an inability to approach a problem from a new perspective.
Representativeness heuristic estimates probabilities based on how well something fits a specific prototype.
Availability heuristic judges the likelihood of events based on how easily instances come to mind.
Divergent thinking expands the number of possible solutions to problems.

Relationships and Development

Humans are genetically predisposed to form close, enduring relationships.
Childhood represents a critical period for skill mastery in many areas.

Self-Concept and Creativity

Self-esteem measures the value and acceptance one feels.
Creativity involves the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.

Sexual Health and Behavior

Herpes is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Alcohol consumption prior to sexual activity in teens reduces self-awareness and condom use.
The excitement stage is the first phase of the sexual response cycle.
Asexuality is characterized by a lack of sexual attraction to others.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is identified as the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Physical Health and Nutrition

Obesity is classified using body mass index (BMI).
Food consumption can be heavily influenced by situational factors.
Glucose serves as the main energy source in the body.
Physiological needs refer to basic bodily requirements.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of cognition and language development in this quiz. From understanding mental processes to examining speech milestones and phonetics, this quiz covers various aspects of how we think and communicate. Test your knowledge of cognitive biases and the biology of speech as well.