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Questions and Answers
Psychologists who study cognition focus on the mental activities associated with what 3 things?
Psychologists who study cognition focus on the mental activities associated with what 3 things?
Thinking, remembering, and communication
What is an unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when evidence proves us wrong?
What is an unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when evidence proves us wrong?
Belief perseverance
The best example of a particular category is called what?
The best example of a particular category is called what?
A prototype
What is all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating called?
What is all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating called?
What is a complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior called?
What is a complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior called?
How many phonemes are in the English language?
How many phonemes are in the English language?
What is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language?
What is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language?
The earliest stage of speech development is what?
The earliest stage of speech development is what?
Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with what stage of language development?
Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with what stage of language development?
What is the part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech called?
What is the part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech called?
What is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people called?
What is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people called?
What is our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts called?
What is our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts called?
What is the search for information that supports our preconceptions?
What is the search for information that supports our preconceptions?
What are simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently?
What are simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently?
What is a methodical step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem?
What is a methodical step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem?
What is it called when you word a question or present an issue in a way that evokes a desired judgment?
What is it called when you word a question or present an issue in a way that evokes a desired judgment?
What is the tendency to underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong?
What is the tendency to underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong?
What is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective called?
What is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective called?
What is the term for estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes?
What is the term for estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes?
What is our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence?
What is our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence?
Most humans are genetically predisposed to what?
Most humans are genetically predisposed to what?
For many skills, childhood represents a ______________ for mastery of that skill.
For many skills, childhood represents a ______________ for mastery of that skill.
What is a measure of how valued and accepted we feel?
What is a measure of how valued and accepted we feel?
What is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas called?
What is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas called?
Our first words are mainly what type of words?
Our first words are mainly what type of words?
What is an example of an STI?
What is an example of an STI?
Alcohol use prior to sex by teens causes what to happen with their self-awareness and condom use?
Alcohol use prior to sex by teens causes what to happen with their self-awareness and condom use?
What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?
What is the first stage of the sexual response cycle?
What is having no sexual attraction to others referred to as?
What is having no sexual attraction to others referred to as?
The human immunodeficiency virus has been found to be the cause of what?
The human immunodeficiency virus has been found to be the cause of what?
Obesity can be classified as a high what?
Obesity can be classified as a high what?
Food consumption often appears to depend on what?
Food consumption often appears to depend on what?
What is the main source of energy in the body?
What is the main source of energy in the body?
What is another name for a basic bodily requirement?
What is another name for a basic bodily requirement?
What is it called when you expand the number of possible solutions to a problem?
What is it called when you expand the number of possible solutions to a problem?
Infants are able to recognize the names of objects before they can say words, which shows the capacity for what type of language?
Infants are able to recognize the names of objects before they can say words, which shows the capacity for what type of language?
What is it called when you combine words into grammatically sensible sentences?
What is it called when you combine words into grammatically sensible sentences?
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Study Notes
Cognition and Mental Processes
- Psychologists studying cognition focus on thinking, remembering, and communication.
- Cognition encompasses all mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Language Development
- Babbling is the earliest stage of speech development.
- Telegraphic speech, characterized by two-word sentences, is a significant milestone in language development.
- The first words produced by infants are primarily nouns.
- Syntax refers to the combination of words into grammatically sensible sentences.
- Receptive language is the ability to recognize names of objects before verbal expression.
Speech and Sound
- Phonemes, the smallest distinctive sound units in language, number around 40 in English.
- Broca's area in the cerebral cortex controls muscle movements involved in speech.
Cognitive Biases and Heuristics
- Belief perseverance describes the refusal to alter beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.
- Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek information that confirms existing beliefs.
- Intuitions refer to our effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts.
- Heuristics are simple thinking strategies that simplify problem-solving and judgement.
- An algorithm is a step-by-step method ensuring a solution to a problem.
- Framing manipulates the presentation of issues to elicit desired judgments.
- Overconfidence is the tendency to underestimate our own errors in judgment.
Problem-Solving and Fixed Perspectives
- Fixation is an inability to approach a problem from a new perspective.
- Representativeness heuristic estimates probabilities based on how well something fits a specific prototype.
- Availability heuristic judges the likelihood of events based on how easily instances come to mind.
- Divergent thinking expands the number of possible solutions to problems.
Relationships and Development
- Humans are genetically predisposed to form close, enduring relationships.
- Childhood represents a critical period for skill mastery in many areas.
Self-Concept and Creativity
- Self-esteem measures the value and acceptance one feels.
- Creativity involves the ability to generate novel and valuable ideas.
Sexual Health and Behavior
- Herpes is an example of a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
- Alcohol consumption prior to sexual activity in teens reduces self-awareness and condom use.
- The excitement stage is the first phase of the sexual response cycle.
- Asexuality is characterized by a lack of sexual attraction to others.
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is identified as the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Physical Health and Nutrition
- Obesity is classified using body mass index (BMI).
- Food consumption can be heavily influenced by situational factors.
- Glucose serves as the main energy source in the body.
- Physiological needs refer to basic bodily requirements.
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