Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are complex emotions primarily characterized by?
What are complex emotions primarily characterized by?
Which brain structure is most associated with instinctual emotions crucial for survival, such as fear?
Which brain structure is most associated with instinctual emotions crucial for survival, such as fear?
How does emotion affect the perception of stimuli in terms of speed?
How does emotion affect the perception of stimuli in terms of speed?
What influence does emotional arousal have over attention?
What influence does emotional arousal have over attention?
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According to the content, how does fear influence visual search processes?
According to the content, how does fear influence visual search processes?
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What impact does attention have on emotional responses?
What impact does attention have on emotional responses?
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Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation and control of emotional experiences?
Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation and control of emotional experiences?
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What can be concluded about the processing of global characteristics versus details in the context of emotion?
What can be concluded about the processing of global characteristics versus details in the context of emotion?
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Who established the first psychology laboratory and in what year?
Who established the first psychology laboratory and in what year?
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What are the three components of emotions that most researchers agree on?
What are the three components of emotions that most researchers agree on?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of emotions?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of emotions?
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What is the 'valence' in the context of classifying emotions?
What is the 'valence' in the context of classifying emotions?
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According to the material, why were emotions studied later than cognition?
According to the material, why were emotions studied later than cognition?
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What is meant by 'hot vs cold cognition' in the study of psychology?
What is meant by 'hot vs cold cognition' in the study of psychology?
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What characterizes 'basic emotions' according to the material?
What characterizes 'basic emotions' according to the material?
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Which component is NOT typically associated with the study of emotions?
Which component is NOT typically associated with the study of emotions?
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Which brain structure is more responsible for directing emotional shifting than cognitive control processes?
Which brain structure is more responsible for directing emotional shifting than cognitive control processes?
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What is the effect of negative emotions on attentional resources?
What is the effect of negative emotions on attentional resources?
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In the Emotional Stroop task, how does the presentation of emotional words affect color naming?
In the Emotional Stroop task, how does the presentation of emotional words affect color naming?
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What happens when an individual suppresses emotions in relation to attentional control?
What happens when an individual suppresses emotions in relation to attentional control?
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How does the amygdala influence memory?
How does the amygdala influence memory?
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Which of the following best describes how emotional experiences affect memory recall?
Which of the following best describes how emotional experiences affect memory recall?
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What effect do emotional pictures have on the recall of vocabulary pairs following the learning stage?
What effect do emotional pictures have on the recall of vocabulary pairs following the learning stage?
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What is meant by mood-congruent memories?
What is meant by mood-congruent memories?
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What phenomenon describes the easier recall of memories when in the same mood as during encoding?
What phenomenon describes the easier recall of memories when in the same mood as during encoding?
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According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, how does emotional intensity affect performance?
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, how does emotional intensity affect performance?
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What does the Easterbrook hypothesis suggest regarding memory at higher levels of emotional arousal?
What does the Easterbrook hypothesis suggest regarding memory at higher levels of emotional arousal?
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What role does prosody play in understanding emotion in language?
What role does prosody play in understanding emotion in language?
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What is a consequence of experiencing anxiety during a task according to the document?
What is a consequence of experiencing anxiety during a task according to the document?
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What is a potential effect of choking under pressure according to the text?
What is a potential effect of choking under pressure according to the text?
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What happens to memory during events with high emotional intensity?
What happens to memory during events with high emotional intensity?
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What typically occurs to individuals' working memory when stressed?
What typically occurs to individuals' working memory when stressed?
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Study Notes
Cognition and Emotion
- This is a course on Cognition and Emotion, taught by Dr. Itır Kaşıkçı, in the Fall 2024-25 semester at BAU Psychology.
The Birth of Psychology as a Science
- The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879.
- It was at Leipzig, Germany.
- It was established by William Wundt.
- Mind was considered too subjective to be a scientific object of study.
The Questions of Psychology
- Initial focus was on perception, which is a topic in cognitive psychology.
- Emotions were studied later due to their subjective and individual nature.
- The relationship between reason and emotion was investigated (Reason vs Emotion).
What is an Emotion?
- Emotion is a state of mind and physiological response.
- This response includes heart rate, pupillary dilation, neurotransmitter release.
- Three components of emotion, agreed upon by researchers, are:
- Physiological reaction to a stimulus
- Automatic bodily response to emotion
- Behavioral response
- Subjective feeling
What is an Emotion? (Continued)
- Emotions are evolved neurological processes that guide behavior.
- They help increase survival and reproduction.
- Psychological mechanisms are results of evolutionary processes, similar to biological mechanisms.
- Emotions serve as warning signs for survival and tell you what you should or shouldn't do.
How to Classify Emotions
- Emotional states can be classified dimensionally based on:
- Valence (positive/negative)
- Arousal (intensity)
- Dominance
Categorization of Emotions
- Basic emotions have unique characteristics, are evolved, and reflected in facial expressions.
- Basic emotions are innate and expressed similarly by all humans.
- Complex emotions are combinations of basic emotions.
- Some complex emotions are socially or culturally learned, and can be identified as long-lasting, refined cognitive processes.
- Examples include love and jealousy.
Neurological Underpinnings
- Emotions have both physical and mental components.
- Physical: heart rate, breathing speed.
- Mental: influences brain and cognitive processes.
- Emotion-related brain areas include:
- Amygdala: Important for survival instincts like fear (subcortical structure)
- Prefrontal cortex (VM): Involved in identifying and interpreting emotional stimuli, integrating with context, regulating and controlling experiences.
Emotion & Perception
- Emotional arousal increases neural activity in perceptual areas (e.g., occipital and occipital-parietal cortex).
- Emotionally meaningful stimuli are processed faster than neutral stimuli.
- While processing broad characteristics of a stimulus, the ability to perceive details can decrease. Emotional arousal can alter the subjective perception, as demonstrated in the case of estimating the height of a balcony.
Emotion & Attention
- Emotionally significant or unexpected stimuli elicit more attention.
- Emotionally arousing stimuli attract attention, as in the case of seeing a snake.
- Attention can affect emotional responses, like developing negative emotional responses towards ignored stimuli.
- Negative emotions, like fear, influence visual search by directing attention to emotionally pertinent objects (spiders).
- The amygdala plays a stronger role in shifting attention than the frontal lobe during visual search tasks.
- Attentional blink might be reduced when stimuli are emotionally salient.
Emotion & Attention (Emotional Stroop)
- Emotional Stroop task demonstrates that emotionally salient stimuli (spider) reduce cognitive processing speed (color-naming) relative to neutral words.
- Suppressing emotions can lead to attenuation in control resources, affecting performance in cognitive tasks.
Emotion & Memory
- Emotional experiences are often the most memorable.
- Intensity of emotions, rather than positivity or negativity, is more closely linked to memorability.
- Emotional content impacts memory consolidation, even after initial learning.
- Emotions can help to enhance memory through a variety of pathways, like increasing activity in the amygdala.
Emotion & Memory (Emotional Context)
- Mood-congruent memories: Emotions activate memories relevant to the current emotional state.
- Mood-dependent memories: Recall improves when the retrieval mood matches the encoding mood.
- Flashbulb memories: Vivid memories of highly emotional events, often showing increased amygdala activity during retrieval (Personal involvement also strengthens details).
Emotion & Memory (Yerkes-Dodson law, Easterbrook hypothesis)
- Yerkes-Dodson law: Optimal performance occurs at moderate levels of emotional arousal.
- Easterbrook hypothesis: High emotional arousal narrows attention, enabling better memory for central details, but worse memory for peripheral details.
Emotion & Language
- Emotion words are present in all languages.
- Prosody (the rising and falling pitch of speech) communicates emotions in language; same sentence, different prosody, different emotions.
- People can determine emotional genuineness through prosody.
- External manifestations (actions, mimics, physiological signs) contribute to emotion comprehension.
Emotion & Decision Making
- Stress can impair performance by crowding working memories with irrelevant thoughts, leading to reduced resources.
- Choking under pressure refers to a decline in performance due to external anxieties.
- Outcome-based pressure: Focusing on task outcomes distracts from task execution.
- Monitoring pressure: Excessive focus on task performance can diminish overall performance.
- Stereotype threat can lead to underperformance when negative stereotypes are activated.
- Stress can sometimes improve performance when viewed as a challenge rather than a threat.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in the Cognition and Emotion course taught by Dr. Itır Kaşıkçı. Explore the birth of psychology as a science, the study of emotions, and the intricate relationship between reason and emotion. This quiz highlights significant definitions and components of emotions.
