Cocaine and Opioid Effects on Neurotransmission
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of cocaine on dopamine levels as reported by Broderick?

  • Increase in serotonin levels
  • Dose-dependent increase in dopamine levels (correct)
  • No change in dopamine levels
  • Decrease in dopamine levels

How does cocaine affect serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission according to the evidence provided?

  • Has no effect on serotonin neurotransmission
  • Blocks serotonin reuptake and inhibits firing rates of 5-HT neurons (correct)
  • Directly stimulates 5-HT receptors
  • Only decreases serotonin levels

What impact does chronic methamphetamine administration have on serotonin systems?

  • Causes permanent loss of serotonin neurons
  • Induces long-term changes in tryptophan hydroxylase activity and serotonin content (correct)
  • Decreases serotonin content and uptake sites
  • Has no lasting effects on serotonin systems

What happens to the firing rate of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons with acute cocaine administration?

<p>It is inhibited almost completely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a finding of Ho and colleagues regarding chronic cocaine administration?

<p>Decreased levels of 5-HT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do somatodendritic 5-HT autoreceptors play with cocaine administration?

<p>They inhibit serotonin release leading to decreased 5-HT levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a conflicting finding regarding chronic cocaine’s effects on the biosynthesis of serotonin?

<p>Some studies found decreased serotonin biosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What varies the net effect of cocaine on 5-HT neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens?

<p>The balance between uptake inhibition and inhibition of neuronal firing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with high concentrations of opiate receptors?

<p>Caudate nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do opioids generally have on appetite?

<p>Decrease in appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable initial effect of intravenous opioid administration?

<p>Flushing of the skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tolerance to opioids leads to which of the following outcomes?

<p>Shorter duration of effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms may occur approximately 12 to 14 hours after the last dose of opiates?

<p>Restless sleep and nightmares (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a withdrawal symptom associated with opiate abstinence?

<p>Muscle relaxation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk associated with increasing doses of opioids due to tolerance?

<p>Lethal overdose risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the final withdrawal symptoms experienced at peak intensity?

<p>Profound depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of daily cocaine injections on dorsal raphe somadendritic 5-HT autoreceptors?

<p>Increased the sensitivity to cocaine's effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the continuous infusion of cocaine have on locomotion according to the researchers?

<p>Decreased excitation effect of 8-OHDPAT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was impulsive behavior related to 5-HT levels based on Linnoila's findings?

<p>It correlated with lower levels of 5-HIAA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is suggested to be impulsive in relation to cocaine use?

<p>Developing a high-dose, bingelike pattern of cocaine use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Brown and Linnoila reach regarding low 5-HIAA levels?

<p>They relate to the disinhibition of aggressive behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between 5-HT receptor supersensitivity and cocaine abuse according to the content?

<p>It may contribute to bingelike patterns of cocaine abuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what source are opiates derived?

<p>Poppy plant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have researchers mapped regarding endogenous opiate receptors?

<p>Their locations within the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the studies conducted by Brown and Linnoila in 1990?

<p>CSF serotonin metabolite studies in depression and violence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are highlighted in Bozarth and Wise's 1984 study in regards to reward and dependence?

<p>Distinct opiate receptor fields (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What methodological approach did Conrad use in 1950 to study behavior patterns?

<p>Comparative method of studying innate behavior patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance did Broderick investigate for its effects on psychomotor behavior?

<p>Cocaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies addresses the biochemical basis of neuropharmacology?

<p>Cooper, Bloom, and Roth (1986) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term influence of drug treatment was examined by Castaneda, Becker, and Robinson in 1988?

<p>Repeated amphetamine treatment on dopamine release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Cunningham and Lakoski focus on in their 1990 study of cocaine?

<p>Interaction with serotonin dorsal raphe neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which publication did Broderick analyze the striatal neurochemistry related to dynorphin?

<p>Neuropeptides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the behavioral response to cocaine differ between female and male rats?

<p>Female rats demonstrate a higher behavioral response, which diminishes after ovariectomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects noted in women after cocaine administration compared to men?

<p>More anxiety and less euphoria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term telescoping refer to in the context of substance use in women?

<p>The phenomenon where women start using substances later but progress faster to dependence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the alcohol-related problems in women compare to those in men?

<p>Women face more alcohol-related problems compared to men who drink. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is thought to contribute significantly to gender differences in substance use disorders?

<p>Social factors and psychological responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did early alcohol researchers reach regarding women's alcohol use in the twentieth century?

<p>Women adhered to societal standards leading to lower alcohol and drug use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in the onset of substance use between men and women?

<p>Women often start using after men but enter treatment sooner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of drug clearance, how do women compare to men, especially with drugs stored in body fat?

<p>Women may take longer to clear drugs due to higher body fat percentage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for alcohol dependence based on familial influence?

<p>Siblings of alcoholic parents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gender differences manifest in alcohol consumption patterns according to the studies referenced?

<p>Women are drinking significantly more alcohol than before (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about substance dependence?

<p>It has both genetic and environmental influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the research by Wilsnack et al. on gender differences?

<p>Cross-cultural patterns of drinking and consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the family history of alcohol dependence in the content provided?

<p>Immediate family members significantly increase risk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the changing patterns of alcohol consumption in women is true?

<p>Women have been drinking more over the years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one finding of the studies about the prevalence of drug use in the United States?

<p>Substance dependence varies widely among age groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn regarding genetic factors in substance use disorders?

<p>Genetic factors significantly increase the risk of substance dependence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cocaine's effect on DA

Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake, increasing dopamine levels.

Cocaine & 5-HT

Cocaine blocks 5-HT reuptake, prolonging 5-HT's inhibitory effects on dopamine.

Acute Cocaine Effect on 5-HT

Acute cocaine affects 5-HT by both inhibiting its reuptake and reducing neuronal firing.

Chronic Methamphetamine on Serotonin

Chronic methamphetamine use changes serotonin content, uptake sites, and tryptophan hydroxylase activity.

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Chronic Cocaine and Serotonin

The effect of chronic cocaine use on serotonin levels is inconsistent; some studies show decreased 5-HT levels, others show no impact.

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Dopamine Levels & Cocaine

Acute cocaine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, as measured by dialysis.

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5-HT Autoreceptors & Cocaine

Activation of 5-HT autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus may cause decreased 5-HT levels in response to cocaine.

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Cocaine's effect on Dorsal Raphe Neurons

Acute cocaine almost completely inhibits basal firing rate of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons.

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Cocaine's effect on 5-HT autoreceptors

Daily cocaine injections increase the sensitivity of dorsal raphe somadendritic 5-HT autoreceptors to cocaine's effects, while continuous infusion decreases sensitivity.

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Cocaine and locomotion

Daily cocaine injections enhance the inhibitory effect of NAN-190 on cocaine-induced locomotion and enhance the excitatory effect of 8-OHDPAT on locomotion.

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Low 5-HIAA and impulsivity

Lower levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are associated with impulsive behavior, particularly in violent offenders with personality disorders.

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5-HT neurotransmission and impulsivity

Depletion of 5-HT or reduced 5-HT neurotransmission is linked to impulsive behavior.

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High-dose cocaine use and impulsivity

Transitioning to high-dose cocaine use can be considered impulsive due to prioritizing immediate drug benefits over long-term consequences.

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Opiates origin

Opiates are derived from the poppy plant.

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Endogenous opiate receptors

There are different types of endogenous opiate receptors and their locations in the body are known.

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5-HIAA

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the metabolite of 5-HT.

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Opiate Receptors Locations

High concentrations of opiate receptors are found in specific brain areas like the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, periventricular gray region, and nucleus arcuatus.

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Opiate Effects

Opiates cause analgesia (pain relief), mood changes (euphoria, tranquility), drowsiness, respiratory depression, nausea, and reduced motivated behaviors (appetite, sex drive, aggression).

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Opiate Tolerance

Repeated opiate use leads to tolerance to some but not all effects, meaning larger doses are needed to get the same effect.

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Opiate Withdrawal Symptoms

Stopping opiate use causes a withdrawal syndrome with symptoms like yawning, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, followed by increasing dysphoria and irritability.

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Tolerance to Lethal Effects

Tolerance to opiate's effects on the central nervous system (analgesia, euphoria) is easier than tolerance to the lethal effects of the drug.

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Withdrawal Progression

Symptoms from opiate withdrawal follow a pattern, starting with initial symptoms (yawning, sleep disturbances), progressing to intense symptoms (exacerbated irritability, depression).

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Opiate Effects on Brain

Opiates can differentially affect brain areas in terms of the reinforcing, aversive, and dependence-producing effects of the substance.

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Opiate Receptor Subtypes

Different receptor subtypes likely play a role in the various effects of opiates (e.g., analgesia, euphoria and dependence).

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Acid monoamine metabolites

Chemical products resulting from the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (like serotonin and dopamine) in the brain.

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CSF serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA)

A specific chemical breakdown product of serotonin found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Opiate receptor fields

Specific areas in the brain that are sensitive to opioid-type substances.

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Ventral tegmental dopamine system

Brain region involved in reward and motivation via dopamine release.

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Cocaine's impact on serotonin neurons

Cocaine affects serotonin-producing neurons in the dorsal raphe.

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Striatal neurochemistry of dynorphin

Study of how dynorphin, a neuropeptide, affects the function of the striatum, a brain region involved in movement.

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Amphetamine's impact on amine-concentrating mechanisms

Amphetamine can alter how well nerves concentrate certain neurotransmitter types, like those of adrenaline.

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Repeated amphetamine treatment effects

Long-term impact of repeated use of amphetamine, concerning dopamine release in specific parts of the brain.

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Genetic Influence on Substance Dependence

Substance dependence is a complex issue influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Family history and genetics play a significant role in the risk of developing substance dependence.

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Alcohol Dependence: Sibling Risk

Siblings of alcoholic parents have a significantly higher chance (3-8 times) of developing alcohol dependence compared to the general population, indicating a strong genetic influence.

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Environmental Factors in Substance Dependence

Factors like the availability and accessibility of substances in one's environment significantly contribute to the likelihood of substance dependence.

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Genetics and Alcohol Dependence

A substantial genetic component contributes to the risk of developing alcohol dependence, indicating that family history and genetic predisposition are significant factors.

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Twin Studies and Substance Dependence

Studies comparing identical twins (sharing 100% genes) and fraternal twins (sharing 50% genes) help determine the relative contributions of genetics and environment in substance dependence.

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Family History and Substance Dependence

A family history of substance dependence significantly elevates an individual's risk of developing similar issues, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

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Genetic Predisposition to Substance Dependence

Some individuals are genetically predisposed to developing substance dependence due to inherited traits that influence their risk.

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Environmental and Genetic Interactions in Substance Dependence

The development of substance dependence involves a complex interplay between environmental factors (access, social influences) and genetic predispositions.

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Gender Differences in Drug Response

Women and men often experience different biological reactions to drugs, with women having a higher behavioral response to cocaine and slower clearance of fat-soluble drugs like marijuana, possibly due to higher body fat percentage.

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Telescoping Effect

Women tend to progress faster from first drug use to dependence compared to men, although this difference may decrease over time, especially for crack cocaine users.

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Gender Differences in Alcohol Use

Despite generally drinking less alcohol and having lower overall prevalence of alcohol abuse, women are more likely to experience alcohol-related problems compared to men who drink.

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Social Factors in Substance Use

Social norms and expectations play a significant role in shaping substance use patterns, particularly for women.

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Historically, Why Women Drank Less

In the early 20th century, women were perceived as more conventional and bound by moral standards that discouraged alcohol consumption, leading to lower rates of alcohol use compared to men.

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Women's Social Roles and Addiction

The 'conventional' and 'proper' societal expectations for women in the past might have contributed to a faster progression from initial drug use to dependence if they did engage in substance use.

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Social Influence on Substance Use

Social factors play a central role in shaping both the patterns and impact of gender differences in substance use disorders.

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Understanding Gender Differences

It's crucial to consider both biological and social factors when understanding gender differences in substance use disorders to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

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Study Notes

Risk Factors for Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence

  • Risk factors are characteristics of individuals or environments that increase the probability of use, abuse, or dependence.
  • Risk factors are not absolute determinants.
  • Individual variation in substance use, abuse, and dependence is significant. Some never use, some use sporadically, some become dependent and recover some become chronic heavy users.
  • Risk factors range from macro-level societal factors to molecular level factors.
  • Per capita alcohol consumption statistics and Monitoring the Future surveys are good sources of information on time-trend data.
  • Risk factors associated with male, younger, unmarried, lower socio-economic status, white or Native American individuals, compared to black, Hispanic, or Asian residents.

Drug Effects and Biological Responses

  • Drug effects contribute to substance use and abuse.
  • Drug effects are considered in relation to four phases of drug use (initiation-consolidation, maintenance, withdrawal and relapse, and post-withdrawal).
  • Drug effects include a cascade of discriminative or internally appreciated drug cues (i.e., subjective effects),
  • Tolerance and withdrawal effects occur with chronic usage,
  • Withdrawal effects are often opposite to the drug-induced state and typically involve dysphoria.
  • The neurotransmitter systems in the brain, subserving drug effects, are being investigated.
  • Reward systems in the brain (mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems) are sensitive to brain stimulation.
  • Cocaine is an indirect catecholamine agonist, blocking the reuptake of monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin).

Drug Effects and Biological Responses (continued)

  • Amphetamine and cocaine are potent psychomotor stimulants.
  • Acute stimulant tolerance develops rapidly.
  • Cocaine binges can last for 7 days and typically involve 20-minute intervals of re-administration.
  • Cocaine withdrawal can be seen in three phases: crash, withdrawal, and extinction.
  • Acute cocaine administration profoundly inhibits dopaminergic uptake.

Macroscale Environmental Risk Factors

  • Laws against drug use or sale (local/national)
  • Price of substance
  • Availability of substance (density of outlets)

Macroscale Environmental Risk Factors (continued)

  • Enforcement strength
  • Marketing and advertising

Additional Risk Factors

  • Environmental influences such as peer groups are a significant risk factor for adolescents.
  • External traumatic or stressful experiences can increase the risk of substance use, including childhood abuse.
  • Cognitive factors like substance expectancies and motivations.
  • Gender differences exist in substance use and dependence. Women tend to have later onset, faster progression, and earlier treatment compared to men, with some evidence of converging rates over time.

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