CMDS 2500 Final Test Review Guide

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Questions and Answers

What does digital policy literacy involve?

  • Learning about online advertising techniques
  • Becoming proficient in coding for the internet
  • Understanding financial policies related to technology
  • Knowledge of digital policy issues and informed consumption of information (correct)

Which statement accurately distinguishes social media from other online services?

  • Social media is based solely on user-generated content and interactions.
  • Social media must allow users to create profiles and engage with both content and other users. (correct)
  • Social media exclusively allows for video sharing.
  • Social media can only be accessed through dedicated applications.

What layer of the internet is concerned with the physical devices and connections?

  • Physical layer (correct)
  • Content layer
  • Application layer
  • Logical layer

In the context of the internet's layer model, what role does the application layer play?

<p>It includes software applications that utilize internet protocols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Internet Service Providers (ISPs)?

<p>Agencies that connect consumers to the internet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does user-generated content (UGC) fit into the content layer of the internet?

<p>UGC is part of the diverse types of content within the content layer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok?

<p>They are based on user-generated content and allow for user interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge arises when defining social media?

<p>Differentiating between standalone services and those with social media aspects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'data retention'?

<p>The storage of data for future use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'veracity' in the context of Big Data refer to?

<p>The accuracy and trustworthiness of the data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of analytics mentioned in the content?

<p>Descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Big Data is NOT accurate?

<p>More data always leads to better insights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'metadata'?

<p>Data that describes other data, such as size and timestamp. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following captures the essence of 'digital dossier'?

<p>A collection of digital data tracks about an individual or entity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'volume' characteristic of Big Data represent?

<p>The amount of data being collected and analyzed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the ethical concerns related to data accessibility?

<p>Six critical questions for Big Data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ITP in internet communication?

<p>To connect internet networks together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes packet-switched communication?

<p>Data is divided into packets that take random paths to the server. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is boomerang routing?

<p>When domestic internet traffic leaves the country for processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does network sovereignty refer to?

<p>Maintaining control over a country's physical network infrastructure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of data localization?

<p>To keep data within the sites of its creation, like keeping Canadian data in Canada. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does artificial intelligence influence decision-making?

<p>AI simulates human learning processes to assist in problem-solving. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes big data?

<p>Big data consists of extremely large datasets that continue to grow in definition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concerns are raised by the collection of big data and AI?

<p>Data analytics can contribute to outcomes that may negatively impact individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prescriptive data analysis aim to determine?

<p>An optimal plan or course of action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue when it comes to eligibility determinations and big data?

<p>Bias in datasets and algorithms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the bias present in big data analysis?

<p>Human interpretation of algorithm results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a 'mobile-only' user?

<p>A person who accesses the internet solely through mobile devices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the digital divide related to mobile internet access?

<p>Limited bandwidth and data caps of mobile networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mobile devices generally compare to PCs in terms of capabilities?

<p>PCs are better suited for research and productivity tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'embodied computing' refer to?

<p>Technologies integrated into or worn on the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mobile internet is false?

<p>It provides users a browsing experience equivalent to broadband. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason that people do not read terms of service and privacy policies?

<p>They are written in Legalese and difficult to understand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes clickwrap agreements?

<p>They are designed to draw attention away from the terms of service. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'commons-based peer production'?

<p>Decentralized collaboration without a formal hierarchy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an example of digital commons?

<p>Open source software and wikis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the networked information economy, what does 'removing barriers to entry' imply?

<p>Encouraging open access and communal production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intellectual property' refer to?

<p>Information and creations that are owned and legally protected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the clickwrap agreement design?

<p>Companies benefit as users often do not read the policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the relationship between users and their data?

<p>Privacy policies empower users to control their data, but this is often ineffective. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the open source concept?

<p>Anyone has the ability to modify material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the intrinsic motivations for individuals participating in open source projects?

<p>Advancing personal ideals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Creative Commons licenses is true?

<p>CC by attribution requires crediting the original creator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does open access primarily aim to provide?

<p>Opportunities to access products without barriers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines misinformation?

<p>Information that is not entirely true but not intentionally misleading. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of Wikipedia?

<p>It allows anyone to edit its content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motivation is considered extrinsic in the context of open source projects?

<p>Developing new skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the ideology behind open source?

<p>Visibility and access to information should be a priority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digital Policy Literacy

The knowledge about digital policy issues, allowing informed online consumption.

Internet Enthusiast vs. Skeptic

Different perspectives on the internet's impact, its use, and its risks.

Social Media

Web 2.0-based services allowing user-generated content sharing and interaction.

Social Media Definition (Problem)

Defining services as social media can be complex due to varying features and functions.

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Internet Layer Model

A model illustrating the internet's structure, from physical connections to applications and content.

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Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Provides internet access for consumers and connects them to the global network.

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Internet Layer (Application)

The software used to access the internet, such as browsers or apps.

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Internet

A global network connecting devices, including computers, phones, and IoT devices.

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ITP (Internet Transit Provider)

An organization that connects internet networks together, enabling ISPs to connect consumers to the internet.

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Packet-switched communication

A method where information is broken down into small packets, each taking a different path to its destination.

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Signals intelligence

The act of collecting information by intercepting communications.

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Boomerang routing

Internet traffic leaving a country for surveillance by foreign intelligence.

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Network sovereignty

A country's control of its internet infrastructure to protect privacy.

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Internet exchange point (IXP)

A physical location where ISPs connect and exchange internet traffic.

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Data localization

Maintaining data within its country of origin.

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Artificial intelligence (AI)

Technology empowering computers to mimic human learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

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Big Data Definition (Early)

Large datasets needing supercomputers for processing.

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Big Data Aspects

Data collection, management, use/analysis, retention, and sharing.

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Big Data's Four V's

Volume, Variety, Velocity, and Veracity characterizing Big Data.

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Digital Dossier

Collection of digital tracks about an entity (person, org, etc.).

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Metadata

Data about data (like file names, sizes, timestamps).

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Descriptive Analytics

Analyzing current & past data to spot trends & relationships.

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Predictive Analytics

Using data to predict future trends and events.

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Algorithm

Set of instructions to solve a task, often used by computers.

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Clickwrap

Big buttons that quickly get you to the next steps without fully reading the terms of service (ToS).

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Privacy policy neglect

Many people don't read or even open the privacy policy.

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Commons-based peer production

Decentralized digital groups creating projects together without hierarchies.

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Digital commons

Shared ownership of technology, data, and resources.

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Intellectual property

Creations of the mind, such as writings or inventions.

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Notice policy

Another term for terms of service and privacy policies

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Legalese (policies)

Difficult-to-understand terms of service and privacy policies written in legal language.

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Networked information economy

A system for economic activity based on the flow of information via networks.

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Prescriptive Analytics

Using data analysis to find the best plan of action, like deciding if an investment is good.

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Scored Society (Pasquale)

A society where various aspects of our lives, like jobs or education, are influenced by data scores.

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Eligibility Determinations

Using big data to decide who qualifies for something, such as a job, college, or benefits.

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Biased Datasets

Data that doesn't fairly represent the real world, leading to inaccurate conclusions.

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Mobile Internet Underclass

People who only have mobile internet access and face a less good online experience than people with broader internet access.

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Embodied Computing

Technology that's built into or around the body, like wearables or implants.

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Mobile-Only/Mostly Internet

Describes people who mainly or exclusively use mobile devices for internet access.

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Mobile Internet vs. Broadband

Mobile internet is often slower, has data limits, and is less powerful than broadband (which is what computers normally use).

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Open Source

A development model allowing universal access to design control. Anyone can modify the material, and often, nobody owns the resulting products.

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Open Access

A system that allows individuals to access products and services without restrictions. This includes things like open journals and research archives.

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Copyright

The right to reproduce a work, including literary, musical, software, or communications. It covers significant parts of the work in any form.

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Creative Commons License

A flexible license that allows for modification and reuse of works, less restrictive than traditional copyright. It is more malleable and reflects the principle of "some rights reserved".

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Misinformation

Information that is not entirely true, but not intentionally false.

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Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to advance internal ideals, connected to personal growth or community involvement.

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Extrinsic Motivation

The desire to achieve goals outside of the self, like skill development or career advancement.

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Wikipedia

A free online encyclopedia edited by anyone.

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Study Notes

CMDS 2500: Final Test Review Guide

  • Internet Enthusiast vs. Skeptic: Digital policy literacy is crucial for informed online consumption. Are we blindly consuming online information or understanding its context? This involves understanding online privacy, digital divides, and IP protections.

Social Media

  • Definition: User-generated content (UGC), web 2.0 technologies, and user interaction via profiles. A distinction exists between standalone and built-in functionalities. Examples of standalone platforms are Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube; while news services like CBC may incorporate social media functionalities.

Internet

  • Definition: A global network of devices (computers, phones, IoT devices). This is described by a layer model.

    • Physical Layer: The physical network components.
    • Logical Layer: The language (internet protocols) enabling transmissions.
    • Application Layer: The software/apps used to connect with the internet.
    • Content Layer: The content accessed through devices and applications.

Big Data

  • Concept: Extremely large datasets. The definition of "large" is constantly evolving due to the normalized increase in data.
  • Definition: Initially, it was datasets requiring supercomputers to process. Now, home computers can process some types.
  • Four V's of Big Data:
    • Volume: The scale of data.
    • Variety: Data from multiple sources.
    • Velocity: Speed of data analysis.
    • Veracity: Accuracy/uncertainty of the data.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  • Definition: Technology simulating human learning, comprehension, problem-solving, and decision-making in machines.
  • Data Collection and Analytics: There's an impact related to the use of AI in data collection, analysis, and the implications for users.

Mobile Devices and Internet

  • Mobile Devices: Computers that are usable when mobile (e.g., smartphones, tablets).
  • Mobile Internet: A limited version of the desktop internet, based on cellular networks; it's significantly more limited. Distinguishing between mobile-only, mobile-mostly users.
  • Mobile Internet Underclass: Users confined to mobile internet access have an inferior browsing experience, creating a digital divide.

Privacy and Data

  • Embodied Computing: Devices integrated into our bodies (wearables, digestibles), and their relationship to privacy and data collection.
  • Definitions of Privacy: Definitions are complex (e.g., the ability to opt out, freedom from observation in one's home).
  • Nothing to Hide Argument: The argument that data collection is acceptable because users have nothing to hide.

Open Source and Public Information

  • Wikipedia: Example of open-source collaborative online knowledge production.
  • Open Access/Open Materials: Communal ownership of technologies and access to data.
  • Intellectual Property (IP): Legal rights to creations of the mind(e.g., artistic works, design).
  • Open Source Concept and Motivations: A model where design access is encouraged.
    • Intrinsic Motivations: Desires to advance shared ideals.
    • Extrinsic Motivations: Personal development/career goals.
  • Copyright: Legal rights to reproduce/reproduce a work. Usage of Creative Commons licenses to create various licenses related to copyright.
  • Information Literacy Skills and knowledge in evaluating, using, and filtering information.

Other Concepts

  • Misinformation/Disinformation: Information that is inaccurate or intended to deceive; distinction between the two.
  • Civic Online Reasoning: Skillset in evaluating and verifying online information, especially political.
  • Notice Policies and clickwrap: The methods of presenting terms of service and privacy policies (often long, dense, and not well read); the idea that people agree to policies by clicking a button.

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