Clinical Psychology Models Lecture 7

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Questions and Answers

What is a key concept of learned helplessness as formulated by Abramson & Seligman?

Negative behaviors are quickly extinguished through self-reward.

People develop internal, global, and stable attributions for negative events. (correct)

Individuals become less vulnerable to depression after facing uncontrollable events.

It suggests that exposure to positive events leads to better coping strategies.

Which of the following is NOT considered a behavioral factor contributing to depression?

Reduction of positive behavior

Self-reward for achievements (correct)

Lack of self-reward

Use of self-punishment

According to Bandura's findings, how can positive behaviors be sustained?

By eliminating all forms of self-criticism

Via external validation from peers

By avoiding negative reinforcement

Through the use of self-reward (correct)

What is the main idea behind Behavioral Activation (BA)?

Helping individuals to engage in activities that lead to positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

All except which of the following are considered skills deficits contributing to depression?

Excessive self-compassion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

To increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operant conditioning, what does negative reinforcement achieve?

Strengthens a behavior by removing a negative stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What happens during extinction in operant conditioning?

A positive reinforcer is removed when the behavior occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes operant conditioning?

It describes how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of positive punishment?

Giving a child extra homework for misbehavior Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?

Conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the behavior of a girl who helps clear the table after receiving praise from her mother?

Her behavior has been positively reinforced Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that behavior is learned and not inherited?

Behavioral model Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of behavior therapy?

Observable behavior change Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does the term 'unconditioned stimulus' refer to?

A naturally occurring stimulus Signup and view all the answers

According to the behavioral model, what is seen as a major cause for abnormal behavior?

Learned maladaptive responses Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'symptom substitution' suggest in the context of behavior therapy?

One symptom may be replaced by another after treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a central belief of behaviorists regarding human nature?

Humans are shaped entirely by their experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conditioned response' refer to in classical conditioning?

An automatic response to stimuli due to learning Signup and view all the answers

What is considered normal behavior according to behavioral psychology?

Possessing an adequately large repertoire of learned responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of depression in the context of operant conditioning?

Perceived loss or absence of rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is associated with the statement 'if..., then...' in behavior modification?

Contingency Management Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's Social Learning Theory, what primarily influences whether an individual performs a learned behavior?

Expectation of reward versus punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of observational learning according to Bandura?

Learning occurs without direct reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided by Bandura, how does aggressive behavior become valuable to the young boy?

He is rewarded and praised when he acts aggressively Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does Bandura emphasize as crucial for maintaining positive behaviors?

Self-reinforcement and self-reward Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Overmier and Seligman's study introduce in relation to animal learning?

Learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy focuses on the removal of reinforcing stimuli to reduce undesired behaviors?

Extinction-based therapies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 7: Basic Theoretical Models of Human Functioning in Clinical Psychology (Part II)

The lecture covers basic theoretical models of human functioning used in clinical psychology.
The presenter is Anna Gabińska, Ph.D.

Behavioral Model

This model posits that all behavior, including mental disorders, is learned through experiences, not inherited traits.
Learning is a long-term change in behavior based on experience.
Behaviorists believe our actions are shaped primarily by our life experiences, considering us as "blank slates" at birth.
Psychologists only need to focus on observable behaviors, not thoughts or feelings.
Normality is determined by the presence of a wide range of learned responses.
Mental illness is viewed as a lack of meaningful distinction between symptoms and the disorder itself.
A learned maladaptive response is a primary cause of abnormal behaviors.
Observable behavior change is the main goal of behavior therapy, with treatments stated as testable hypotheses.

Classical Conditioning

Learning occurs through temporal associations.
When two events repeatedly happen close together in time, they become linked in the mind, and a response to one event becomes a response to the other.
If a neutral stimulus (e.g., a sound or a sight) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a shock or a taste), it can eventually become a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response (e.g., fear or nausea).
Examples: a girl associating a doctor's visit with pain; a man developing fear of department stores due to chest pain and anxiety there.

Classical Conditioning - Steps

Step 1: Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) -> unconditioned response (UCR)
Step 2: Pairing UCS and CS
Step 3: Conditioned stimulus (CS) -> conditioned response (CR)

Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Exposure therapy
Systematic desensitization
Assertiveness training

Operant Conditioning

Consequences of behavior influence future behavior.
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring (positive or negative).
Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring (positive or negative).
Examples: praise for table clearing; restricted eating and praise triggering continued weight loss.

Operant Conditioning - Types

Reinforcement (increasing behavior):
- Positive: adding a stimulus (e.g., dessert after vegetables)
- Negative: removing a stimulus (e.g., no homework if good grades)
Punishment (decreasing behavior):
- Positive: adding a stimulus (e.g., spanking)
- Negative: removing a stimulus (e.g., no TV time)

Operant Conditioning Techniques

Extinction (omission training): removing a positive reinforcer to decrease behavior
Contingency Management ("if...then..." statements)
Aversion therapy
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Token economies
Shaping
Behavioral activation

Learned Helplessness (Background)

Overmier and Seligman's animal learning studies led to the first animal model of depression, "learned helplessness."
Organisms exposed to negative, uncontrollable events struggle to escape negative, controllable events compared to unexposed organisms.

Learned Helplessness (Human)

Abramson and Seligman (1978) reformulated learned helplessness in humans with attribution theory.
People exposed to uncontrollable negative events who make internal, global, and stable inferences about those events are more vulnerable to depression.

Behavioral Factors in Depression

Positive behavior reduction
Less rewarding behaviors
Lack of self-reward
Self-punishment
Skills deficits
Exposure to aversive situations

Behavioral Activation (BA)

BA therapy views a meaningful life as one filled with diverse and stable sources of positive reinforcement.
BA helps patients engage in beneficial activities to receive reinforcement, addressing avoidance and other barriers.

Observational Learning

Learning occurs through observation of others and imitating their actions.
Observing role models and learning from their consequences is key to this form of learning.
Performance of behaviors depends on factors like the possibility of reward, avoidance of punishment, and existing skills.
Example: a child becoming aggressive after observing peer aggression with positive outcomes.
Bandura emphasized self-reward in maintaining positive behaviors.
Bandura also emphasizes the importance of acting before feeling better.

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Description

In this lecture, Dr. Anna Gabińska explores basic theoretical models of human functioning in clinical psychology, focusing on the behavioral model. It emphasizes how behaviors and mental disorders are learned through experience rather than inherited traits, highlighting the significance of observable behaviors in treatment.