Clinical Psychology Lecture 7: Behavioral Models

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of exposure to negative, uncontrollable events according to learned helplessness theory?

Increased ability to escape negative events

Heightened skills in problem-solving

Difficulty escaping controllable negative events (correct)

Increased vulnerability to positive reinforcement

According to Abramson & Seligman, what type of inferences about negative events makes individuals more susceptible to depression?

Variable, unrelated, and unimportant

Temporary, situational, and reversible

External, specific, and transient

Internal, global, and stable (correct)

What does Bandura suggest is essential for maintaining positive behaviors?

Avoidance of negative situations

External rewards and reinforcements

Self-reward and self-reinforcement (correct)

Complete independence from external influences

Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential cause of depression?

Increased social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of behavioral activation (BA) in treating depression?

To increase activities leading to positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does the behavioral model emphasize as the primary influence on behavior?

Experiences and learning Signup and view all the answers

According to the behavioral model, what is considered a major cause of abnormal behavior?

Learned maladaptive responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following models involves learning through temporal association?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of behavior therapy as per the behavioral model?

Behavioral change that can be observed Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does the term 'Conditioned Response' (CR) refer to?

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does the behavioral model suggest about the concept of mental illness?

There is no meaningful distinction between symptoms and behavioral disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential risk when treating behavioral issues as suggested by the behavioral model?

Symptom substitution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the behavioral perspective on human behavior?

Behavior is the main concern for psychologists. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of learned helplessness primarily indicate?

A feeling of helplessness due to the absence of rewards. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT based on operant conditioning techniques?

Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of observational learning according to Bandura?

It allows individuals to learn by observing others and the outcomes of their behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is likely if an individual receives rewards for a specific behavior?

The behavior is likely to be repeated in the future. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

To promote behaviors by associating them with pleasant outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is a form of extinction-based therapy?

Behavioral activation Signup and view all the answers

According to Bandura, what initial action may individuals exhibit before they can feel better?

They must engage in positive behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of the Social Learning Theory with regard to role models?

Consequences observed in role models inform future expectancies in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?

Pairing UCS and CS Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is not based on classical conditioning?

Negative Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does positive reinforcement achieve in operant conditioning?

Increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies negative punishment?

Taking away a toy for a tantrum Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by extinction in the context of operant conditioning?

Removing a positive reinforcer when the behavior occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a behavior shaped by positive punishment?

A teenager stops texting during class after their phone is taken away Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement differ from punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases it Signup and view all the answers

Why might a girl continue to restrict her eating if praised for losing weight?

She is being positively reinforced through social acceptance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 7: Basic Theoretical Models of Human Functioning in Clinical Psychology Part II

This lecture covers basic theoretical models used in clinical psychology, focusing on the behavioral model.
The behavioral model emphasizes learned behaviors and experiences as determinants of mental health and disorders.
It doesn't focus on the mind or inner thoughts and feelings.
Behavior is seen as learned through interactions with the environment.

Behavioral Model

The behavioral model has three major components: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
All behavior is learned. Mental disorders are explained by experiences, not inherited dispositions.

Classical Conditioning

Learning occurs through temporal association.
When two events repeatedly occur close together in time, they become linked in the mind.
A neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that naturally produces a response (UCR).
Over time, the neutral stimulus (CS) alone becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and evokes a conditioned response (CR).
Examples include developing a fear of doctors, dentists, or shopping malls due to a past negative experience.
Steps in classical conditioning:
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggers an unconditioned response (UCR)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS) initially does not trigger a response
- CS and UCS are repeatedly paired
- CS eventually triggers a conditioned response (CR)
Techniques based on classical conditioning include exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, and assertiveness training.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning focuses on how consequences shape behaviors.
Behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to be repeated.
Behaviors followed by undesirable consequences are less likely to be repeated.
Reinforcers increase the likelihood of a behavior.
- Positive reinforcement: adding a desirable stimulus
- Negative reinforcement: removing an undesirable stimulus
Punishments decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
- Positive punishment: adding an undesirable stimulus
- Negative punishment: removing a desirable stimulus
Extinction (omission training) involves removing a positive reinforcer to decrease a behavior.
Examples include a child receiving praise for good behavior, a student avoiding a task to avoid punishment, or a person feeling anxious due to the lack of reward.
Operant conditioning is applicable in explaining depression as a result of passive, repetitive unrewarding behavior or feelings of helplessness.
Techniques based on operant conditioning include contingency management, aversion therapy, applied behavior analysis (ABA), token economies, shaping, and behavioral activation.

Learning can occur by observing others.
Individuals learn about the consequences of behavior through indirect reinforcement (observe role models).
This involves observing role models, and learning about the consequences of their behaviors.
This stored information becomes an expectancy of future outcomes.
Observation may lead to learning, but performance depends on other factors (skills, rewards/punishments).
Example: a child imitating aggressive behavior learned from peers, or a person learning assertiveness techniques from observing someone else.

Learned Helplessness

In animal learning studies, learned helplessness, a model of depression, has been observed, where negative, uncontrollable events lead to a decrease in motivation to escape further negative events.
Individuals exposed to uncontrollable negative circumstances may have difficulty escaping subsequent negative events, regardless of controllability.
Abramson and Seligman (1978) developed the attribution theory in relation to learned helplessness in humans.

Behavioral Factors in Depression

Positive behaviors may be quickly extinguished without self-reinforcement.
The patient should demonstrate positive behaviors before experiencing feeling better.
Depression can result from a lack of positive behavior, behaviors that have become less rewarding, or failure to use self-rewards. Other potential behavioral factors in depression include self-punishment, skills deficits, and exposure to aversive situations.

Behavioral Activation

A meaningful life is one filled with diverse positive reinforcement.
Help patients increase activities connected to positive reinforcement to combat avoidance and overcome obstacles to achieving their goals.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the behavioral model in clinical psychology, exploring key components such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. It examines how learned behaviors through environmental interaction influence mental health and disorders.