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Questions and Answers
What is the primary means of malaria transmission?
What is the primary means of malaria transmission?
- Airborne transmission
- Contaminated food and water
- The bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes (correct)
- Direct contact with infected individuals
Where is the highest transmission of malaria found?
Where is the highest transmission of malaria found?
- Africa South of the Sahara (correct)
- Parts of Asia
- Western Europe
- The United States
Which of the following is NOT a common habitat for malaria transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a common habitat for malaria transmission?
- Subtropical regions
- Deserts (correct)
- Temperate regions
- Tropical regions
Which of the following Plasmodium species is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures?
Which of the following Plasmodium species is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures?
In which of the following regions is malaria transmission year-round?
In which of the following regions is malaria transmission year-round?
What is the primary route of transmission for naturally acquired malaria infections?
What is the primary route of transmission for naturally acquired malaria infections?
What is the mode of transmission of malaria via a mosquito bite?
What is the mode of transmission of malaria via a mosquito bite?
What is the infective stage of the Plasmodium parasite?
What is the infective stage of the Plasmodium parasite?
What is the intermediate host of the Plasmodium parasite?
What is the intermediate host of the Plasmodium parasite?
What is the duration of the schizogonic cycle in red cells for P. vivax?
What is the duration of the schizogonic cycle in red cells for P. vivax?
What is the term for the fusion of gametes in the mosquito's stomach?
What is the term for the fusion of gametes in the mosquito's stomach?
What are the two forms of sporozoites?
What are the two forms of sporozoites?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts?
What is the characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts?
What is the morphology of Plasmodium malariae gametocytes?
What is the morphology of Plasmodium malariae gametocytes?
What is the characteristic of male gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the characteristic of male gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the morphology of Plasmodium vivax schizonts?
What is the morphology of Plasmodium vivax schizonts?
What is the characteristic of female gametocytes of Plasmodium ovale?
What is the characteristic of female gametocytes of Plasmodium ovale?
What is the morphology of microgametocytes of Plasmodium malariae?
What is the morphology of microgametocytes of Plasmodium malariae?
What is the result of the rupture of infected RBCs and destruction of normal RBCs?
What is the result of the rupture of infected RBCs and destruction of normal RBCs?
What is the characteristic of relapse in malaria?
What is the characteristic of relapse in malaria?
What is the cause of blackwater fever?
What is the cause of blackwater fever?
What is the difference between P.f. malaria and malaria caused by other plasmodia?
What is the difference between P.f. malaria and malaria caused by other plasmodia?
What is the outcome of massive hemolysis of RBCs in P.f. malaria?
What is the outcome of massive hemolysis of RBCs in P.f. malaria?
What is the potential outcome of severe P.f. malaria?
What is the potential outcome of severe P.f. malaria?
What is the purpose of performing a thin blood smear?
What is the purpose of performing a thin blood smear?
What is the advantage of a thick blood smear over a thin blood smear?
What is the advantage of a thick blood smear over a thin blood smear?
What type of staining is commonly used for microscopic examination of malarial parasites?
What type of staining is commonly used for microscopic examination of malarial parasites?
What is the purpose of using primaquine and pyrimethamine in the treatment of malaria?
What is the purpose of using primaquine and pyrimethamine in the treatment of malaria?
What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis in malaria prevention?
What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis in malaria prevention?
What is the recommended duration of chemoprophylaxis for malaria prevention?
What is the recommended duration of chemoprophylaxis for malaria prevention?
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Study Notes
Malaria
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, specifically P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi.
- P. vivax and P. falciparum are more common.
Distribution and Transmission
- Malaria is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
- Transmission occurs through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, blood transfusions, and sharing of contaminated needles.
- Transmission is year-round in warmer regions closer to the equator, with highest transmission in Africa South of the Sahara and parts of Oceania.
Morphology
- Early trophozoites (ring) and developing trophozoites are present in the life cycle.
- Mature microgametocytes and macrogametocytes are present in the life cycle.
- Sporozoites are the infective stage.
Life Cycle
- Intermediate host: human
- Definitive host: female Anopheles mosquito
- Infective stage: sporozoite
- Infective mode: mosquito bite on human skin
- Parasitic position: liver and red blood cells
- Transmitted stage: gametocytes
- Schizogonic cycle in red cells: 48 hours (P. vivax), 36-48 hours (P. falciparum)
Pathogenesis
- Relapse occurs in P. vivax, with bradysporozoites in the liver remaining dormant for months or years before developing into exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages.
- Malignant malaria is a severe form of P. falciparum malaria, involving cerebral malaria, massive hemoglobinuria, acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe gastrointestinal symptoms, shock, and renal failure.
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears, stained with Giemsa or Wright's stain
- Quantitative buffy coat (QBC) test and serological tests available
- Newer methods: fluorescence microscopy, rapid antigen detection tests, and molecular diagnosis (DNA probe, PCR)
Treatment and Prevention
- Chloroquine and quinine: anti-erythrocytic stage drugs
- Primaquine and pyrimethamine: anti-exoerythrocytic stage drugs
- Chemoprophylaxis: chloroquine and pyrimethamine for prophylaxis of malaria
- Mosquito control and chemotherapy (1 week before and 4 weeks after traveling to endemic areas)
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