Clinical Parasitology: Malaria
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary means of malaria transmission?

  • Airborne transmission
  • Contaminated food and water
  • The bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes (correct)
  • Direct contact with infected individuals

    • Where is the highest transmission of malaria found?

  • Africa South of the Sahara (correct)
  • Parts of Asia
  • Western Europe
  • The United States

    • Which of the following is NOT a common habitat for malaria transmission?

  • Subtropical regions
  • Deserts (correct)
  • Temperate regions
  • Tropical regions

    • Which of the following Plasmodium species is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures?

    <p>P. vivax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following regions is malaria transmission year-round?

    <p>Warmer regions closer to the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for naturally acquired malaria infections?

    <p>The bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of malaria via a mosquito bite?

    <p>Through the skin of the human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective stage of the Plasmodium parasite?

    <p>Sporozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intermediate host of the Plasmodium parasite?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the schizogonic cycle in red cells for P. vivax?

    <p>48 hrs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of gametes in the mosquito's stomach?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two forms of sporozoites?

    <p>Tachysporozoite and Bradysporozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts?

    <p>Round, smaller, light blue cytoplasm, diffuse nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of Plasmodium malariae gametocytes?

    <p>Round, larger, dark blue cytoplasm, small and compact nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of male gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>Banana shaped, shorter and fatter, light blue cytoplasm, diffuse nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of Plasmodium vivax schizonts?

    <p>Round, smaller, light blue cytoplasm, diffuse nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of female gametocytes of Plasmodium ovale?

    <p>Round, larger, dark blue cytoplasm, small and compact nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphology of microgametocytes of Plasmodium malariae?

    <p>Round, larger, dark blue cytoplasm, small and compact nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the rupture of infected RBCs and destruction of normal RBCs?

    <p>Stimulation of phagocytosis and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of relapse in malaria?

    <p>It occurs months or years after the primary attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of blackwater fever?

    <p>Acute hemolysis of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between P.f. malaria and malaria caused by other plasmodia?

    <p>P.f. malaria is more severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of massive hemolysis of RBCs in P.f. malaria?

    <p>Blackwater fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of severe P.f. malaria?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing a thin blood smear?

    <p>To identify the species of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a thick blood smear over a thin blood smear?

    <p>It is more sensitive in detecting parasites at low concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of staining is commonly used for microscopic examination of malarial parasites?

    <p>Giemsa or Wright's stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using primaquine and pyrimethamine in the treatment of malaria?

    <p>To target the exoerythrocytic stage of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis in malaria prevention?

    <p>To prevent malaria transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration of chemoprophylaxis for malaria prevention?

    <p>1 week before and 4 weeks after returning from the endemic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Malaria

    • Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, specifically P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi.
    • P. vivax and P. falciparum are more common.

    Distribution and Transmission

    • Malaria is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
    • Transmission occurs through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, blood transfusions, and sharing of contaminated needles.
    • Transmission is year-round in warmer regions closer to the equator, with highest transmission in Africa South of the Sahara and parts of Oceania.

    Morphology

    • Early trophozoites (ring) and developing trophozoites are present in the life cycle.
    • Mature microgametocytes and macrogametocytes are present in the life cycle.
    • Sporozoites are the infective stage.

    Life Cycle

    • Intermediate host: human
    • Definitive host: female Anopheles mosquito
    • Infective stage: sporozoite
    • Infective mode: mosquito bite on human skin
    • Parasitic position: liver and red blood cells
    • Transmitted stage: gametocytes
    • Schizogonic cycle in red cells: 48 hours (P. vivax), 36-48 hours (P. falciparum)

    Pathogenesis

    • Relapse occurs in P. vivax, with bradysporozoites in the liver remaining dormant for months or years before developing into exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic stages.
    • Malignant malaria is a severe form of P. falciparum malaria, involving cerebral malaria, massive hemoglobinuria, acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe gastrointestinal symptoms, shock, and renal failure.

    Laboratory Diagnosis

    • Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears, stained with Giemsa or Wright's stain
    • Quantitative buffy coat (QBC) test and serological tests available
    • Newer methods: fluorescence microscopy, rapid antigen detection tests, and molecular diagnosis (DNA probe, PCR)

    Treatment and Prevention

    • Chloroquine and quinine: anti-erythrocytic stage drugs
    • Primaquine and pyrimethamine: anti-exoerythrocytic stage drugs
    • Chemoprophylaxis: chloroquine and pyrimethamine for prophylaxis of malaria
    • Mosquito control and chemotherapy (1 week before and 4 weeks after traveling to endemic areas)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the life cycle, mode of infection, disease, infective stage, and identifying features of Plasmodium spp. in malaria, as well as distribution, transmission, morphology, pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

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