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Questions and Answers
Which of the following genera of hemoflagellates infects humans?
Which of the following genera of hemoflagellates infects humans?
What are the morphological forms observed in Leishmania species?
What are the morphological forms observed in Leishmania species?
Which hemoflagellate has distinct forms based on the location of its kinetoplast?
Which hemoflagellate has distinct forms based on the location of its kinetoplast?
In what type of fluids are hemoflagellates primarily found?
In what type of fluids are hemoflagellates primarily found?
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Which of these is NOT a species of Trypanosoma associated with human infection?
Which of these is NOT a species of Trypanosoma associated with human infection?
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What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma spp.?
What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma spp.?
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How are vector-borne parasites primarily transmitted?
How are vector-borne parasites primarily transmitted?
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Which species's morphological forms include both Promastigote and Amastigote?
Which species's morphological forms include both Promastigote and Amastigote?
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What condition is caused by Leishmania braziliensis?
What condition is caused by Leishmania braziliensis?
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Which part of the Leishmania organism serves as the reproductive structure?
Which part of the Leishmania organism serves as the reproductive structure?
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Which vector is responsible for transmitting Leishmania braziliensis?
Which vector is responsible for transmitting Leishmania braziliensis?
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What is the primary habitat of Leishmania braziliensis within the human body?
What is the primary habitat of Leishmania braziliensis within the human body?
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Which structure of the Leishmania organism is responsible for osmoregulation?
Which structure of the Leishmania organism is responsible for osmoregulation?
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Which stage of Trypanosoma is characterized by an undulating membrane covering the entire body?
Which stage of Trypanosoma is characterized by an undulating membrane covering the entire body?
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What is the primary vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?
What is the primary vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?
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In which phase of Chaga's Disease are severe cardiac and neurologic symptoms most prominent?
In which phase of Chaga's Disease are severe cardiac and neurologic symptoms most prominent?
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Which Trypanosoma species is responsible for causing Chaga's Disease?
Which Trypanosoma species is responsible for causing Chaga's Disease?
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What is the primary method used for diagnosing Trypanosoma species through animal vectors?
What is the primary method used for diagnosing Trypanosoma species through animal vectors?
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During the chronic phase of Chaga's Disease, which symptom is commonly associated?
During the chronic phase of Chaga's Disease, which symptom is commonly associated?
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What type of medium is used for culturing Trypanosoma species?
What type of medium is used for culturing Trypanosoma species?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Amastigote stage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Amastigote stage?
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What is Romana's sign associated with?
What is Romana's sign associated with?
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Which Trypanosoma genus includes both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species?
Which Trypanosoma genus includes both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species?
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What is commonly absent during the infection caused by T. rangeli?
What is commonly absent during the infection caused by T. rangeli?
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Which of the following represents a clinical manifestation of Trypanosoma brucei infection?
Which of the following represents a clinical manifestation of Trypanosoma brucei infection?
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Which vector is primarily associated with the transmission of the Trypanosoma brucei complex?
Which vector is primarily associated with the transmission of the Trypanosoma brucei complex?
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What is the common name for the signs of posterior triangle cervical lymphadenopathy in Trypanosoma brucei infections?
What is the common name for the signs of posterior triangle cervical lymphadenopathy in Trypanosoma brucei infections?
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What is the most notable effect of the invasion of the central nervous system by the Trypanosoma brucei?
What is the most notable effect of the invasion of the central nervous system by the Trypanosoma brucei?
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Which of the following tryptomastigotes can be recovered from both blood and cerebrospinal fluid?
Which of the following tryptomastigotes can be recovered from both blood and cerebrospinal fluid?
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What type of leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania tropica?
What type of leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania tropica?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the haematolymphatic phase of Trypanosoma infection?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the haematolymphatic phase of Trypanosoma infection?
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What is a significant component seen in tissue biopsies for diagnosing Trypanosoma infections?
What is a significant component seen in tissue biopsies for diagnosing Trypanosoma infections?
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Which statement about Trypanosoma brucei complex is true?
Which statement about Trypanosoma brucei complex is true?
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What is the primary causative agent of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness?
What is the primary causative agent of Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness?
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How does Gambian Sleeping Sickness differ from Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness?
How does Gambian Sleeping Sickness differ from Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness?
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What is the habitat of Leishmania donovani?
What is the habitat of Leishmania donovani?
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Which vector is responsible for transmitting Visceral Leishmaniasis?
Which vector is responsible for transmitting Visceral Leishmaniasis?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Leishmania donovani?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Leishmania donovani?
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What is a characteristic morphological feature of Balantidium coli?
What is a characteristic morphological feature of Balantidium coli?
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Which of the following is a common symptom associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis?
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Which feature distinguishes Balantidium coli as a protozoan?
Which feature distinguishes Balantidium coli as a protozoan?
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Study Notes
HemoFlagellates
- HemoFlagellates are flagellated protozoans found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissues.
- Key genera: Trypanosoma and Leishmania, which are capable of infecting humans.
- Clinical significance due to transmission via vector-borne methods, primarily through bites of infected vectors.
Morphological Forms
- Four distinct morphological forms for Trypanosoma:
- Trypomastigote: infective stage; resembles a long, slender form with an undulating membrane.
- Epimastigote: found in some stages; characterized by partial undulating membrane.
- Promastigote: spindle-shaped without undulating membrane.
- Amastigote: small ovoid shape, adapted for intracellular existence mainly found in tissues.
Trypanosoma cruzi
- Transmitted by the Reduviid bug or kissing bug.
- Infection leads to Chaga’s Disease characterized by:
- Acute Phase: often asymptomatic with nonspecific symptoms; severe cases in immunocompromised individuals.
- Chronic Phase: more systemic issues including megaesophagus, cardiomegaly, and increased amastigotes in smooth muscles.
Laboratory Diagnosis for T. cruzi
- Diagnosis includes identification of Trypomastigotes or Amastigotes in blood or cerebrospinal fluid.
- Techniques include xenodiagnosis, culture in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle medium, and serological methods.
Trypanosoma brucei Complex
- Comprised of three subspecies:
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei: affects animals, causing Nagana Disease.
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: causes acute syndrome in humans.
- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: more chronic form resulting in Gambian Sleeping Sickness.
- Transmitted by the Tsetse fly; characteristic symptoms include Trypanosomal chancre and symptoms indicative of central nervous system invasion.
Leishmania Genus
- Leishmania tropica: causes Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, primarily affecting the skin and associated with phlebotomine sandflies.
- Leishmania donovani: causes Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar), severe systemic involvement, transmitted through multiple routes including blood transfusion.
- Leishmania braziliensis: associated with New World leishmaniasis, causes mucocutaneous lesions.
Ciliates
- Balantidium coli is the only ciliate parasite that infects humans, primarily through ingestion of cysts.
- Largest known protozoan pathogen; resides in the colon and linked to pigs as reservoir hosts.
- Morphological characteristics:
- Cilia for movement, a macronucleus for vegetative functions, and a micronucleus for reproduction.
- Features include a cytostome (mouth) and contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation.
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Description
Explore key concepts in clinical parasitology focusing on hemoflagellates and ciliates. This quiz is part of the BMLS III course for the academic year 2024-2025, led by instructor Kate Darlene Soriano. Test your knowledge on the survival mechanisms and characteristics of these parasites.
