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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of measuring electrolytes in clinical chemistry?
What is the primary purpose of measuring electrolytes in clinical chemistry?
Which enzyme is NOT typically included in liver function tests?
Which enzyme is NOT typically included in liver function tests?
What is the normal range for sodium in serum measured in mEq/L?
What is the normal range for sodium in serum measured in mEq/L?
Which of the following tests specifically analyzes joint fluid?
Which of the following tests specifically analyzes joint fluid?
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Which centrifuge type is primarily used for spinning small blood tubes in blood banking?
Which centrifuge type is primarily used for spinning small blood tubes in blood banking?
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How does vomiting or diarrhea affect potassium levels in the body?
How does vomiting or diarrhea affect potassium levels in the body?
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What alters blood pH levels and acts as a buffer in the body?
What alters blood pH levels and acts as a buffer in the body?
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Which abnormal liver function marker indicates excretory dysfunction and is typically monitored?
Which abnormal liver function marker indicates excretory dysfunction and is typically monitored?
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What is the primary function of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in a clinical laboratory?
What is the primary function of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in a clinical laboratory?
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Which method is used for sterilization in a clinical laboratory?
Which method is used for sterilization in a clinical laboratory?
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Which organization is responsible for accrediting educational programs for clinical laboratory professions?
Which organization is responsible for accrediting educational programs for clinical laboratory professions?
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What distinguishes a disinfectant from an antiseptic?
What distinguishes a disinfectant from an antiseptic?
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Which of the following is a method for removing most microbes from surfaces?
Which of the following is a method for removing most microbes from surfaces?
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What does the abbreviation CLIA stand for?
What does the abbreviation CLIA stand for?
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Which piece of PPE is essential for protecting the eyes in a laboratory setting?
Which piece of PPE is essential for protecting the eyes in a laboratory setting?
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Under CLIA, what are laboratories allowed to perform?
Under CLIA, what are laboratories allowed to perform?
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Which physical characteristic of urine can indicate potential issues related to diet or medications?
Which physical characteristic of urine can indicate potential issues related to diet or medications?
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What does a positive result for glucose in urine typically indicate?
What does a positive result for glucose in urine typically indicate?
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What is the primary function of aldosterone in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the kidneys?
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Which of the following would NOT be a likely cause of hematuria (presence of blood in urine)?
Which of the following would NOT be a likely cause of hematuria (presence of blood in urine)?
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What does a specific gravity reading of 1.040 indicate about a urine sample?
What does a specific gravity reading of 1.040 indicate about a urine sample?
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What is the normal pH range for urine?
What is the normal pH range for urine?
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Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells?
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In the case of bilirubin found in urine, which condition may be indicated?
In the case of bilirubin found in urine, which condition may be indicated?
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What potential condition could cause the urine to have a fruity odor?
What potential condition could cause the urine to have a fruity odor?
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What is the primary purpose of performing a clean-catch urine specimen collection?
What is the primary purpose of performing a clean-catch urine specimen collection?
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What is indicated by the presence of nitrites in a urine sample?
What is indicated by the presence of nitrites in a urine sample?
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Which abnormal color of urine is caused by the presence of bilirubin or bile pigments?
Which abnormal color of urine is caused by the presence of bilirubin or bile pigments?
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Which component's presence in urine could indicate a renal disease but is also influenced by diet?
Which component's presence in urine could indicate a renal disease but is also influenced by diet?
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Study Notes
Clinical Lab Professions
- Clinical laboratory professionals focus on roles and qualifications.
- Phlebotomists collect blood samples for testing. They require a high school diploma, training, and certification.
- Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLTs) conduct routine lab tests under supervision. They need an associate degree and certification.
- Clinical Laboratory Scientists (CLSs) perform advanced testing, interpret results, and oversee lab staff. A bachelor's degree and certification are required.
- Pathologists are medical doctors specializing in diagnosing diseases through lab tests.
Professional Organizations/Agencies
- ASCP certifies lab professionals and sets standards.
- NAACLS accredits educational programs for lab professions.
- CLSI (formerly NAACLS) develops current best practice standards for clinical laboratory procedures.
- CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988) revises CLIA 1967 standards, specifying minimum performance standards for clinical labs.
- Labs can perform waived tests, moderate- and high-complexity tests, and provider-performed microscopy procedures (PPMP).
Biological Safety
- Covers safety procedures and preventing contamination.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) protects against biological and chemical hazards (gloves, goggles, lab coats, face shields, respirators).
- Disinfection removes most microbes (e.g., using 10% bleach). Disinfectants are chemicals used on surfaces, while antiseptics are used on tissue or skin. Sterilization eliminates all microbes (e.g., autoclaving).
- CDC issued standard precautions to control nosocomial infections.
- Each employer must develop an exposure control plan (OPIM—other potentially infectious materials).
- Engineering controls eliminate/minimize exposure; Work practice controls alter task performance to reduce exposure likelihood.
Chemical Names/Organisms
- Alcohols (70-90% isopropanol/ethanol): effective against bacteria, mycobacterium, some viruses; use on skin and surfaces
- Iodine: effective against bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa; use on skin
- 10% chlorine bleach: effective for viruses; use on surfaces
- Phenolics (Amphyl): effective against most bacteria/viruses, mycobacterium; use on surfaces
- Quaternary ammonium salts (QUATS): effective against bacteria/some fungi; use on surfaces
Bloodborne Pathogens
- Infectious microorganisms in blood (e.g., HIV, Hepatitis B)
- OSHA issued the Bloodborne Pathogen standard mandating safety measures to reduce occupational exposure to these viruses.
OSHA Laboratory Safety Guidelines
- Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) ensures employees are informed about chemical hazards. Labeling, Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and training are key elements.
- Bloodborne Pathogens Standard protects employees from exposure to infectious materials. Elements include Exposure Control Plan, Universal Precautions, Sharps Safety, and Hepatitis B Vaccination.
- Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) promotes safe handling and use of chemicals: SOPs, PPE (gloves, goggles, lab coats), and engineering controls (fume hoods, ventilation).
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) assessment and proper use are required.
Emergency Action Plans
- Clear evacuation procedures (fire, chemical spills, emergencies).
- Access to emergency showers, eyewash stations, and fire extinguishers.
CDC Laboratory Safety Guidelines
- Biosafety Levels (BSLs) categorize laboratories. Levels range from low risk (BSL-1) to maximum risk (BSL-4) which involves dangerous agents.
- Biological Risk Assessment evaluates hazards.
- Standard Microbiological Practices include training, prohibiting eating/drinking in the lab, contaminating work surfaces after procedures and spills, and proper sharps disposal.
Hand Hygiene
- Wash hands after removing gloves, handling infectious materials, and leaving the lab.
- Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers if soap and water are unavailable
Spill Cleanup and PPE
- Procedures for small and large spills include steps for alert/securing area, wearing PPE, containing spills, decontaminating, clean up and disposal of waste materials. Specific procedures depend on the type of spill.
Laboratory Math
- Dilutions: Use the formula C₁V₁=C₂V₂
- Unit Conversions: 1 mL = 1000 µL, 1 mg = 0.001 g, 1 lb = 454 grams, C=5/9(F-32)
- Molarity (M): concentration = moles/Liter
- Normality (N): number of equivalents per liter of solution
Hematology & Hemostasis
- Covers blood components and clotting mechanisms.
- Includes preparing and staining a blood smear, blood morphology (types of blood cells), and hematology tests (CBC, ESR).
Laboratory Math
- Include calculations and use of lab equipment (to ensure accuracy).
Laboratory Math
- Practice dilution and molarity problems.
- Familiarize yourself with common lab equipment.
Laboratory Math
- Practice dilution and molarity problems.
- Familiarize yourself with common lab equipment
Laboratory Math
- Practice dilution and molarity problems.
- Familiarize yourself with common lab equipment
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Description
Explore the various roles and qualifications of clinical laboratory professionals, including phlebotomists, medical laboratory technicians, and clinical laboratory scientists. Learn about the necessary education, certification, and the organizations that govern and accredit these professions. This quiz will test your knowledge of the clinical lab field and its requirements.
