Clinical Issues in Sexual and Reproductive Health

A condition characterized by involuntary urination, occurring at least once a month for 3 months, in individuals aged 4 years or older, often in inappropriate places.

A condition involving the significant delay or absence of ejaculation during sexual intercourse, lasting for at least 6 months, causing distress.

A condition characterized by difficulty with vaginal penetration during intercourse, often accompanied by pain or fear of pain, lasting for at least 6 months, causing distress.

A person's subjective sense of their gender, independent from their biological sex.

A state of emotional distress resulting from a mismatch between one's assigned gender and their gender identity.

The culturally constructed understanding of one's gender, including behavioral expectations and social norms.

Occupational therapy intervention for gender dysphoria often focuses on promoting the individual's self-esteem and self-concept, helping them navigate the challenges associated with their identity.

Occupational therapy interventions for enuresis aim to help individuals develop positive toileting habits and routines through family education, support, and practical strategies to increase fiber and water intake.

A pattern of disruptive behaviors that violate others' rights and societal norms, including aggression, property destruction, and deception. It must involve at least three incidents within a year, causing significant dysfunction.

A behavioral state that occurs immediately after substance use and involves temporary changes like slurred speech, incoordination, and impaired cognition.

The need to increase the substance dose over time to achieve the same effect as the body adapts.

Physiological and psychological symptoms experienced when the substance use is reduced or stopped. Examples include tremors, insomnia, and nausea.

A problematic pattern of alcohol use resulting in distress or impairment, persisting for at least 12 months. It involves intense craving and difficulties controlling alcohol intake.

A screening tool to detect problematic alcohol use, asking questions about cutting down, annoyance from criticism, guilt, and morning drinking.

A group of substances including heroin and prescription pain relievers. Continued use leads to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

The persistent use of opioids, including heroin and prescription medications, leading to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

A neurological disorder characterized by repeated, intense sleepiness and sudden attacks of deep sleep, occurring at least three times per week for at least three months.

A type of narcolepsy characterized by brief episodes of sudden muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions, like laughter, fear, or excitement, while remaining conscious.

A type of narcolepsy without cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness).

A sleep disorder where a person's breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, often associated with snoring and daytime sleepiness.

A sleep disorder characterized by disruptions in sleep patterns due to alterations in the body's internal clock, often leading to excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both.

A condition where the body's natural sleep-wake cycle is disrupted due to changes in the circadian system.

A condition where the body's natural sleep-wake cycle is misaligned with the demands of the social or work environment.

Hormone involved in regulating appetite and fat storage, potentially linked to neurocognitive deficits in obstructive sleep apnea.

A condition where individuals experience dissatisfaction with the quantity or quality of their sleep, characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, or experiencing early morning awakenings, at least 3 times a week for at least 3 months despite adequate opportunities for sleep, and negatively impacting their function or causing distress.

Disorders related to sleep patterns and breathing during sleep, where the distress and impairments experienced are the primary indicators of a mental health condition.

Occupational therapy interventions for vascular NCD focus on maintaining function, enhancing quality of life, and supporting both the individual and their caregiver.

OT interventions for vascular NCD prioritize preventing cognitive decline through physical activity, exercise, cognitive engagement, and managing healthy weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels.

Occupational therapists play a role in helping individuals with vascular NCD manage self-care activities, such as medication management and ADLs, to maintain independence.

Occupational therapists use cognitive stimulation therapy to encourage individuals with vascular NCD to engage in mentally challenging activities, promoting cognitive function.

Occupational therapists tailor interventions for vascular NCD to the individual's emotional, physical, and cognitive abilities, aiming to reduce frustration and create a "just right challenge" through meaningful activities.

Occupational therapists promote the use of compensatory strategies such as external memory aids to help individuals with vascular NCD manage cognitive challenges.

A mental health condition characterized by a pattern of unstable relationships, impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and a fear of abandonment. Individuals with BPD often experience intense mood swings, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts.

A type of occupational therapy intervention focused on improving self-awareness, coping skills, and emotional regulation for individuals with personality disorders.

A specific type of occupational therapy intervention for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). It focuses on teaching coping skills, managing emotions, and developing healthy habits.

A condition involving a significant decline in one or more cognitive domains, such as memory, attention, or language. It affects daily living and activities, but not severe enough to meet Major Neurocognitive Disorder criteria.

A serious condition involving severe impairment in one or more cognitive domains, impacting daily life. These cognitive deficits interfere with independence in activities of daily living.

The most common form of neurocognitive disorder, characterized by progressive decline due to protein deposits and brain atrophy. There is no definitive lab test to confirm the diagnosis.

The second most common neurocognitive disorder, resulting from one or more strokes. People with this condition often have problems with executive function, especially cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control.

A complex area of study that examines the interaction between biological and psychological processes that affect cognition. This understanding is essential for diagnosing and treating neurocognitive disorders effectively.

The body's internal clock becomes less responsive to cues like light and physical activity, often caused by irregular sleep-wake patterns from rotating shift work.

A sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of getting out of bed and moving around while asleep, with no memory of the event.

A sleep disorder involving episodes of intense fear and distress during sleep, often causing sudden awakenings with no memory of the event.

A sleep disorder where individuals experience repeated arousals during REM sleep, often with vocalizations or physical movements.

A sleep disorder characterized by a strong urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, typically worsening in the evening or night.

Sleep disorders can impact various aspects of daily life, leading to daytime fatigue, excessive sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and emotional problems.

Occupational therapy interventions for sleep disorders often emphasize sleep hygiene strategies to improve sleep quality.

A series of steps designed to promote good sleep habits, including consistent sleep-wake times, a calming bedtime routine, and avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bed.