24 Questions
What physical findings are characteristically associated with severe insulin resistance in patients with the metabolic syndrome?
Lipoatrophy and acanthosis nigricans
In the INTERHEART study, which component of the metabolic syndrome had a stronger odds ratio (OR) for acute myocardial infarction than others?
Diabetes mellitus
Which of the following diseases is NOT mentioned as being associated with the metabolic syndrome?
Liver cirrhosis
How does the relative risk for new-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with metabolic syndrome compare to those without the syndrome?
The risk is higher in patients with metabolic syndrome.
How do free fatty acids (FFAs) impact insulin sensitivity in muscle?
By inhibiting insulin-mediated glucose uptake
What is a consequence of hyperinsulinemia in the context of the metabolic syndrome?
Enhanced sodium reabsorption
How do interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) contribute to insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome?
By promoting insulin resistance and lipolysis of adipose tissue triglyceride stores
What is the effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) on the production of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
Increase in VLDL production
Which mechanism contributes to a pro-thrombotic state in individuals with the metabolic syndrome?
Hepatic production of fibrinogen
What effect does hyperleptinemia have on individuals with leptin resistance?
Increases appetite
What is one of the roles of the gut microbiome in the development of obesity and metabolic disorders?
Affecting bile acid metabolism
Which factor is associated with the defect in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in insulin-resistant individuals?
Increased triglyceride accumulation in muscle
What is one potential consequence of leptin resistance in the brain and other tissues?
Hyperlipidemia
How does leptin normally regulate cardiac and vascular function?
Via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism
How do free fatty acids (FFAs) impact insulin sensitivity in muscle?
By reducing insulin-mediated glucose uptake
What is the role of hyperinsulinemia in contributing to hypertension in the context of the metabolic syndrome?
It enhances sodium reabsorption
How do interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) affect insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome?
They contribute to insulin resistance
What do high levels of circulating glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs) do to pancreatic insulin secretion in the metabolic syndrome?
Enhance insulin secretion
What is the relationship between leptin and insulin sensitivity in the context of leptin deficiency?
Leptin deficiency enhances insulin sensitivity.
How does hyperleptinemia impact individuals with leptin resistance?
Hyperleptinemia exacerbates insulin resistance.
What is the effect of leptin resistance in the brain and other tissues?
Leads to hyperlipidemia.
How does the gut microbiome contribute to obesity and metabolic disorders?
Leads to inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.
What is the effect of higher levels of circulating cytokines on hepatic production of C-reactive protein (CRP)?
Stimulates hepatic production of C-reactive protein (CRP).
In the context of insulin resistance, what mechanism contributes to increased triglyceride accumulation in the liver?
Elevated levels of circulating cytokines.
Explore the clinical features of metabolic syndrome including elevated waist circumference and blood pressure, and less common signs like lipoatrophy and acanthosis nigricans. Learn to recognize physical findings associated with metabolic syndrome.
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