Clinical Biochemistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which physiological factor does NOT influence biochemical test results?

  • Age
  • Laboratory location (correct)
  • Sex
  • Timing

What is the primary function of routine biochemistry tests in a clinical setting?

  • To monitor established conditions (correct)
  • To measure genetic abnormalities
  • To definitively diagnose diseases
  • To evaluate psychological disorders

Which of the following represents a sampling error related to specimen quality?

  • Using the correct specimen container
  • Prolonged tourniquet placement (correct)
  • Specimen storage at room temperature
  • Difficulties in client identification

In what situation might abnormal cortisol levels be expected?

<p>With the sample collected in the afternoon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of department focuses on monitoring therapeutic drug levels and detecting toxic substances?

<p>Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?

<p>Hepatocellular damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme serves as a sensitive marker for liver disease?

<p>Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) suggest?

<p>Cholestatic liver disease and bone disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between precision and accuracy?

<p>Precision refers to the grouping of similar results, while accuracy refers to how close results are to the true value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is associated with skeletal muscle damage?

<p>Creatine kinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically measured in a urinalysis?

<p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is NOT primarily found in the pancreas?

<p>Alkaline phosphatase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which high finding is indicated primarily by the presence of glucose in urine?

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings in fecal analysis helps diagnose disorders of the digestive tract?

<p>Microscopic examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high specific gravity value in urine typically indicate?

<p>High urine concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of phospholipids in the body?

<p>Serving as structural units of cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is associated with high cholesterol levels?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipoproteins primarily responsible for?

<p>Transporting insoluble fats through the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol serves as a precursor for which of the following?

<p>Steroid hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of lipoproteins?

<p>Fat-soluble vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sensitivity in clinical testing measure?

<p>How often patients with the disease are correctly identified (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to preanalytical variation in biochemical test results?

<p>Time of sample collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of fatty acids in the human body?

<p>Store energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about specificity in clinical tests is correct?

<p>It indicates how often healthy subjects are correctly identified (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urea levels when renal function declines?

<p>Urea levels increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of lipids are primarily responsible for energy storage?

<p>Triglycerides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a fruity smell and is associated with diabetes mellitus?

<p>Ketoacidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes intrinsic biological variation?

<p>Random fluctuations around a homeostatic set point in the same individual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about triglycerides is NOT true?

<p>They can be increased in hyperthyroidism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are primarily soluble in which of the following?

<p>Organic solvents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ where GGT is sourced from in the serum?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with elevated LDH levels?

<p>Acute myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbohydrates primarily play in the human body?

<p>Molecular recognition and structural materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is not classified as a polysaccharide?

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons for monitoring blood carbohydrates?

<p>To manage glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural level of proteins is characterized by a single polypeptide chain?

<p>Primary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can lead to the denaturation of proteins?

<p>Change in pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of proteins includes albumin?

<p>Simple globular proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT used for the differentiation of proteins?

<p>Taste profile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is albumin primarily synthesized in the body?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein is synthesized in the liver?

<p>VLDL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in lipid metabolism?

<p>Removing triglycerides from chylomicrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do chylomicrons reach the bloodstream after fat ingestion?

<p>Exogenous lipid cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipoprotein class is responsible for reverse cholesterol transport?

<p>HDL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could affect the accuracy of lipid lab results?

<p>Acute illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of albumin in the body?

<p>Maintains oncotic pressure and transports molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between myoglobin and hemoglobin?

<p>Myoglobin stores oxygen while hemoglobin transports it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical significance of myoglobin levels in the blood?

<p>Can signal acute renal failure when levels are high (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coagulation factors are directly involved in hemostasis?

<p>Factors I, II, V, VII, X, and XIII (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of immunoglobulins in the body?

<p>Act as antibodies to identify and neutralize pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensitivity

The percentage of patients with a disease that are correctly identified by a test.

Specificity

The percentage of healthy subjects that are correctly identified as not having the disease by a test.

Preanalytical Variation

Variations in test results due to factors before the test is performed.

Analytical Variation

Variations in test results due to factors related to the laboratory itself.

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Intrinsic Biological Variation

Variations in test results due to natural fluctuations within a person.

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Biochemical Tests - Indication vs. Diagnosis

Biochemical tests can indicate a potential issue, but don't confirm a diagnosis. They show if something is out of whack, requiring further investigation.

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Biochemical Tests - Monitoring Conditions

Biochemical tests can be used to keep track of how a condition is progressing or responding to treatment.

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Biochemical Tests - Cellular Level Insights

Biochemical tests often analyze substances in the bloodstream, providing insights into cellular activity.

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Tourniquet Duration - Sampling Errors

Prolonged tourniquet use during blood collection can alter test results, leading to inaccuracies.

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Hemolysis - Sampling Error

Hemolysis, the breakdown of red blood cells, can happen during blood collection, affecting test results.

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Precision

The closeness of repeated measurements to each other.

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Accuracy

The closeness of a measurement to the true value.

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What is Urinalysis used for?

A set of laboratory tests performed on a urine sample to help diagnose a variety of medical conditions.

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Enzyme

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in the body without being consumed in the process.

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Isoenzyme

Different forms of the same enzyme with slightly different structures and properties.

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ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)

An enzyme that indicates hepatocellular damage (liver cell damage).

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CK (Creatine Kinase)

An enzyme mainly found in skeletal muscle and heart muscle. Increased levels are a sign of muscular dystrophy or acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

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ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

An enzyme found in many organs, but particularly in the liver and bones. Increased levels suggest cholestatic liver disease or bone disease.

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Amino acids

The basic building blocks of proteins. These are linked together in a chain to form proteins.

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Primary protein structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein chain.

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Secondary protein structure

The three-dimensional shape of a protein created by hydrogen bonds between amino acids.

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Tertiary protein structure

The final, folded conformation of a protein, stabilized by various interactions between amino acids.

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Quaternary protein structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (proteins) in a complex structure.

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GGT (Gamma-Glutamyltransferase)

An enzyme primarily found in the liver, but also in other organs like the kidney, pancreas, and intestine. It's particularly useful in diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases.

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LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)

An enzyme found in various tissues, including the heart, liver, red blood cells, kidney, brain, and lungs. Elevated levels indicate tissue damage or stress.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that act as building blocks for larger carbohydrates.

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Oligosaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of 2 to 10 monosaccharides.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides linked together in long chains.

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Chylomicron

Largest and least dense lipoprotein, formed in the small intestine, responsible for transporting dietary fats to body tissues.

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VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein)

A lipoprotein synthesized in the liver, primarily responsible for transporting triglycerides from the liver to other tissues.

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LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

A lipoprotein formed by VLDL breakdown, primarily carrying cholesterol.

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HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

A lipoprotein synthesized in the liver, primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for processing.

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Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)

Enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL, releasing fatty acids for energy.

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What are phospholipids?

A type of lipid that forms the structural basis of cell membranes, involved in mitochondrial metabolism, blood clotting, and lipid transport. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

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What is cholesterol?

A lipid synthesized mainly in the liver, crucial for cell membrane structure, hormone production, and vitamin D biosynthesis.

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What are lipoproteins?

Sphere-shaped particles that transport insoluble fats like cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream.

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What are sphingolipids?

A group of lipids that include fat-soluble vitamins. They are involved in various functions, including cell signaling and nerve function.

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What is hyperlipidemia?

A disorder associated with high levels of lipids in the blood, potentially leading to cardiovascular disease and other health issues.

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What are lipids?

Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They play crucial roles in energy storage, cell structure, and signaling.

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What are Fatty Acids?

Fatty acids are the building blocks of many lipids. They are essential for energy storage in the body and are mainly obtained from our diets.

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What are Triglycerides?

Triglycerides are the most abundant type of fat in the body. They serve as a storage form of energy and are transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins.

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What is Ketosis?

Ketosis is a metabolic state where the body uses fat rather than carbohydrates as its primary fuel source. It occurs when carbohydrate intake is restricted or unavailable.

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What is Ketoacidosis?

Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of uncontrolled diabetes, where the body produces excessive ketones, leading to a buildup of acid in the blood.

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Albumin

A protein that maintains fluid balance between cells and tissues. It also transports other molecules.

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Myoglobin

A protein found in skeletal muscle that stores oxygen. It's similar to hemoglobin, but only carries oxygen in muscle cells.

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Hemoglobin

A complex protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It also transports carbon dioxide.

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Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

Proteins produced by the body's immune system. Each one specifically targets a particular pathogen or foreign substance.

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Coagulation Factors

These proteins play a crucial role in blood clotting, stopping bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

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