Questions and Answers
What is seasonal affective disorder?
A type of depression occurring at a specific time of year, typically in fall and winter, characterized by low mood, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite.
What is pleasant activity scheduling?
A therapeutic technique involving planning and engaging in enjoyable activities to counteract depression.
What is meta-analysis?
A statistical technique for combining and analyzing data from multiple independent studies.
What is interpersonal psychotherapy?
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What is an example of relapse prevention for depression?
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What is the function of neurotransmitters in the dopamine hypothesis?
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What is the disease model of addiction?
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What is the endogenous opioid-system?
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What is gambling disorder?
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To be diagnosed with gambling disorder, an individual needs to exhibit at least ______ of a specific set of symptoms.
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What are cognitive errors?
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What is the public health model?
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What is sexual dysfunction?
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What is the desire phase of the sexual response cycle?
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What is the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle?
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What is hyperactive sexual desire disorder?
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What is female sexual arousal disorder?
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What is hypertension?
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What are sensate focus exercises?
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What is androgen and estrogen therapy?
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What are paraphilias?
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What is frotteuristic disorder?
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What is paedophilic disorder?
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What is sexual masochistic disorder?
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What is gender dysphoria?
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What is voyeuristic disorder?
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What is statistical rarity?
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What is norm violation?
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What does clinically significant mean?
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What is affect?
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What are ventricles?
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What is an SSRI?
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What is the reality principle?
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What is the pleasure principle?
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What are neuroses?
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What is systematic desensitization?
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What is a token economy?
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What is modeling?
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What is unconditional positive regard?
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What are conditions of worth?
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What is psychopathology?
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What is a therapeutic alliance?
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What is the diathesis-stress model?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is prepared classical conditioning?
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What is exposure therapy?
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What is flooding?
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What is major depressive disorder?
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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What is dysthymic disorder?
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What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
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What is cortisol?
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What is the negative cognitive triad?
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What are the three main clusters of personality disorders?
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What is schizotypal personality disorder?
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What is Beck's cognitive model?
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What is Linehan's biosocial model?
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What is separation anxiety disorder?
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What is the difference between dimensions and categories in the diagnosis of disorders?
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What is selective mutism?
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What are elimination disorders?
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What is enuresis?
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What is the bell and pad method?
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What is secondary aging?
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What is Alzheimer's disease?
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What are cohort effects?
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What is vascular dementia?
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What are focal neurological symptoms?
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What is aphasia?
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What is Lewy body dementia?
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What is the geriatric anxiety inventory?
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What is health psychology?
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What is the health belief model?
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What is the theory of planned behavior?
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What is the stages of change model?
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What is self-regulation theory?
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What is social readjustment?
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What is the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?
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An individual with abnormal cognitions about shape, weight, and self-worth, but normal body weight, and who binge eats, diets, and purges is most likely to be diagnosed with:
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In comparison with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder does not include:
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Currently, the most evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa is:
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The dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa suggests that binge eating episodes are triggered by:
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'Tolerance' of a substance refers to:
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In the treatment of substance use disorders, medication can be useful to:
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Which of the following is not a criterion for gambling disorder?
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Compared to the general community in Australia, individuals who use methamphetamine are:
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Cognitive errors hypothesized to result in problem gambling include all of the following except:
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Which of the following is not one of Kaplan's stages of sexual functioning?
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A paedophilic act is also classified as incest if:
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Psychological research has explained marital problems in terms of:
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The medical model of treating men's erectile difficulties assumes that providing an erection will solve the sexual problem.
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Which of the following is not part of the definition of personality?
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According to Millon (1981), core features that differentiate disordered personality from normal-range problematic behaviours include:
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The prevalence of personality disorders:
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Estimates of the degree to which various personality traits are inherited:
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Cluster B personality disorders are defined in terms of:
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The most common psychological disorders in children are categorised as:
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Drug treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:
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Selective mutism is now thought to be a variant of:
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Patterson's coercive processes model of the development of oppositional defiant disorder focuses on:
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Relative to healthy children and children with conduct disorder, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have been found to demonstrate:
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Memory lapses can be caused by:
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Positive ageing is defined as the ability to sustain:
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When comparing longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of ageing:
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Mild neurocognitive disorder:
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In the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, medication:
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Which of the following does not form part of the definition of abnormal behaviour?
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The rational-emotive therapist Albert Ellis believed that people respond to:
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The main drawback of drug treatment for psychological problems is the:
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The diathesis-stress model explains mental disorders in terms of:
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The dimensional approach to mental disorders argues that disorders:
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The most effective treatment for a specific phobia is:
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Development of a panic disorder requires:
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According to the Wells meta-cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have:
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has a lifetime prevalence in Australia of about:
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Which of the following is not true of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder?
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According to the research evidence, the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is:
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a prevalence rate of about:
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According to the DSM-5, the presence of OCD is diagnosed using which criteria?
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Which of these is not a common task in cognitive-behavioural treatment of OCD?
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Diana is concerned about her physical appearance. She constantly thinks that her body is the wrong shape and size, despite having had cosmetic surgery. Diana is displaying signs of:
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Biological, learning and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all recognize that:
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For posttraumatic stress disorder, the treatment with the best long-term outcome according to randomized controlled trials is:
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Which of the following options is not an example of a re-experiencing symptom of PTSD?
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Based on research evidence, which of the following is more likely to result in PTSD?
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In the psychological treatment of PTSD, which of the following is a component of cognitive behaviour therapy for PTSD?
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Postnatal depression is a:
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After a first episode of depression, most people will:
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The association between depression and physical/medical illness is not explained by:
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Which of the following does current research evidence not support as an effective treatment for depression?
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Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression suggests that in individuals with depression:
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Established risk factors for bipolar disorders include:
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On average, an individual with bipolar I or II disorder is likely to experience:
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When treating people with bipolar disorder, offering psychoeducation sessions as well as medication is likely to:
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The use of 'schizophrenia' as a diagnosis has been challenged because:
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In psychosis, negative symptoms include:
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Large-scale surveys suggest that psychotic experiences are:
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During treatment of an acute episode of psychosis, medication is likely to:
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For people with long-term psychosis and persistent positive symptoms, provision of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as well as medication is likely to:
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Anorexia nervosa is mainly a disorder of:
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Clinical and Abnormal Psychology
- Statistical Rarity: Used to identify behaviors or traits that deviate from the norm, indicating potential psychological disorders based on their infrequency.
- Norm Violation: Refers to behaviors that diverge from societal or cultural norms, which may lead to social disapproval or consequences for the individual.
- Distress: Emotional or psychological discomfort that affects well-being and functioning, often signaling a need for support.
- Dysfunction: Disrupted functioning in thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or relationships, indicating a potential psychological issue affecting daily life.
- Clinically Significant: Refers to a level of symptoms impactful enough to warrant psychological or medical intervention.
- Affect: The observable outward expression of emotions, mood, or emotional tone, detectable through various nonverbal cues.
- Syndrome: A cluster of related symptoms and characteristics indicating a specific medical or psychological condition.
- Ventricles: Fluid-filled brain spaces that produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid, crucial for brain support and cushioning.
- SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor): Medications utilized for treating depression and anxiety by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.
- Psychotherapy: A formal approach involving dialogue with a trained mental health professional to address emotional and behavioral challenges.
- Reality Principle: The ego's ability to mediate between immediate desires and realistic social demands, guiding appropriate need satisfaction.
- Pleasure Principle: The id-driven human tendency to seek immediate gratification and avoid discomfort, often leading to impulsive behavior.
Psychological Disorders and Concepts
- Neuroses: Disorders characterized by emotional distress and anxiety without a loss of contact with reality, unlike psychosis.
- Psychoses: Severe mental disorders marked by significant thoughts, emotions, and perceptions disruptions, often including hallucinations and delusions.
- Systematic Desensitization: A treatment for phobias involving gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli paired with relaxation techniques.
- Token Economy: A behavioral intervention offering tokens as rewards for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for various benefits.
- Modeling: Learning by observing and mimicking the behavior of others, facilitating the acquisition of new skills or attitudes.
- Cognitive Restructuring: A method that challenges and modifies negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.
- Behavioral Experiment: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach that tests beliefs through real-life actions to validate thoughts and encourage behavioral change.
- Self-Actualization: Fulfilling one’s inherent potential and pursuing meaningful goals as described in humanistic psychology.
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting individuals without judgment, enhancing self-esteem and personal growth.
- Conditions of Worth: External standards set by others that dictate acceptance or approval, possibly inhibiting genuine self-expression.
- Psychopathology: The scientific study of mental disorders and the patterns of psychological distress.
- Therapeutic Alliance: A collaborative and trust-filled relationship between therapist and client aimed at achieving therapeutic goals.
- Diathesis-Stress Model: Suggests that mental disorders arise from an interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental stressors.
- Comorbidity: The simultaneous presence of multiple medical or psychological conditions in an individual.
Anxiety Disorders
- Specific Phobia: An anxiety disorder marked by irrational fear of a particular object or situation, leading to avoidance and distress.
- Panic Disorder: Characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks that create significant fear and behavioral changes.
- Agoraphobia: Fear of situations where escape might be difficult, resulting in avoidance and restricted daily activities.
- Social Anxiety Disorder: Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance due to fear of scrutiny or embarrassment.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Persistent worrying about various everyday issues, often accompanied by physical symptoms like fatigue and restlessness.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Involves intrusive, distressing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety.
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Develops after trauma exposure, manifesting through intrusive memories and hypervigilance.
Treatment Techniques and Models
- Negative Reinforcement: Increases behavior likelihood by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus.
- Prepared Classical Conditioning: Readiness to form associations between certain stimuli due to evolutionary factors.
- Exposure Therapy: Involves gradual exposure to feared stimuli to reduce avoidance and anxiety.
- In Vivo Exposure: Confronting real-world fears as a method in exposure therapy.
- Flooding: Intense and prolonged exposure to feared stimuli to expedite the anxiety reduction process.
- Self-Efficacy: Confidence in one's ability to succeed, affecting motivation and resilience.
- Panic Attack: Intense fear episodes with physical and cognitive symptoms that can be overwhelming.
- Neuroticism: A personality trait linked to experiencing negative emotions and heightened stress reactivity.
- Anxiety Sensitivity: The fear of anxiety sensations leading to maladaptive behaviors and anxiety maintenance.
- Interoceptive Exposure: Exposing individuals to bodily sensations linked to anxiety to reduce fear responses.
- Safety Behavior: Actions taken to reduce perceived threat that can prevent learning about actual risks.
- Meta-beliefs: Beliefs about one’s thoughts that influence psychological experiences.
- Avoidance Theory of Worry: Proposes excessive worry serves as an avoidance strategy for distressing emotions.
- Intolerance of Uncertainty Model: Reduced tolerance for uncertainty can heighten distress and anxiety responses.
Eating Disorders and Mood Disorders
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Obsession over perceived flaws in appearance leading to significant distress and impaired functioning.
- Neuropsychological Model: Understanding disorders through brain structure functions connected to cognitive and emotional symptoms.
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Characterized by severe low mood, loss of interest, and various physical and cognitive symptoms.
- Major Depressive Episode: Lasts at least two weeks with persistent symptoms of low mood and associated changes.
- Anhedonia: Decreased ability to find pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
- Anorexia Nervosa: Eating disorder focused on severe food intake restriction and fear of weight gain.
- Dysthymic Disorder (PDD): Mild to moderate depressive symptoms lasting two or more years.
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): Severe temper outbursts in children, with persistent irritability.
- Conduct Disorder: Persistent behavior patterns violating the rights of others or societal norms.
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Pattern of defiance toward authority figures without severe antisocial behavior.
- Cortisol: Stress hormone affecting metabolism and the body's stress response.
- Negative Cognitive Triad: Persistent negative thinking about oneself, the world, and the future common in depression.
- Expressed Emotion: Family emotional climate affecting mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia.
- Protective Factors: Conditions that reduce the likelihood of developing mental disorders and promote resilience.
- Psychotic Symptoms: Hallucinations and delusions indicating disconnection from reality.
- Electroconductive Therapy (ECT): Treatment for severe mental disorders involving induced seizures.
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Depression linked to specific seasons, particularly in low sunlight months.
- Pleasant Activity Scheduling: Scheduling enjoyable activities to counteract depressive symptoms.
- Meta-Analysis: Statistical aggregation of multiple studies to derive broader conclusions.
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT): Short-term therapy focusing on interpersonal relationships and significant life events.
- Relapse Prevention: Strategies to recognize early signs of depression and manage mood effectively.
- Bipolar Disorder Type 1: Characterized by manic episodes, possibly alternating with depressive episodes.
- Bipolar Disorder Type 2: Involves recurring episodes of major depression and hypomania.### Bipolar Disorder
- Hypomania is a milder form of mania, characterized by elevated mood and energy without severe disruption.
- Rapid cycling bipolar disorder consists of frequent shifts between manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes, occurring within a year or even in days.
- Cyclothymic disorder involves chronic mood fluctuations between mild hypomania and mild depression, affecting daily functioning.
Diagnosis Issues
- Underdiagnosis occurs when mental health disorders are not identified, leading to missed treatment opportunities.
- Overdiagnosis arises when conditions are diagnosed unnecessarily, leading to potential harm from unnecessary treatments.
Hypomanic Episodes
- A hypomanic episode includes abnormally elevated mood and increased goal-directed activity; less severe than full manic episodes.
- Typically associated with Bipolar Disorder 2.
Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder
- Problematic use of alcohol or drugs often relates to coping with bipolar symptoms, worsening mood episodes and impairing treatment.
Goal Dysregulation Model
- Individuals with bipolar disorder struggle to regulate goal-directed behavior due to mood state influences, leading to impulsive actions during elevated moods and reduced motivation when depressed.
Role of Temperament
- Traits like emotional reactivity, impulsivity, and sensitivity can increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder, particularly in combination with genetic and environmental factors.
Therapeutic Approaches
- Psychoeducation equips individuals and families with knowledge of mental health conditions, empowering better management of symptoms.
- Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) combines interpersonal therapy and behavioral techniques to stabilize mood and manage social relationships.
Schizophrenia Symptoms
- Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions, while negative symptoms reflect diminished emotional expression and cognitive function.
- Thought disorder disrupts logical thought processes, displayed through disorganized speech and tangential thinking.
Types of Delusions
- Paranoid delusions involve unfounded beliefs of persecution or harm.
- Delusions of reference attribute special significance to ordinary events.
- Somatic delusions concern false beliefs about personal health or bodily integrity.
- Grandiose delusions involve inflated beliefs about one’s importance or abilities.
- Erotomanic delusions involve false beliefs of being loved by someone, often of higher status.
Scenarios of Disorganization
- Disorganized thinking exhibits incoherent speech and thought processes.
- Catatonic behavior includes extremes from immobility to excessive movements.
Phases of Schizophrenia
- Premorbid phase features early signs before full symptoms emerge.
- Prodromal phase precedes acute symptoms, indicating potential illness onset.
- Acute phase involves severe manifestations requiring urgent intervention.
- Recovery phases focus on stabilization and improved functioning post-acute symptoms.
Other Key Concepts
- Enduring psychosis describes persistent symptoms despite treatment.
- Concordance rate measures trait sharing among individuals.
- Gene-environment interaction notes how different genotypes respond to varying environments.
Neurotransmitter Hypothesis
- Dopamine dysregulation underlies schizophrenia, with excessive signaling linked to positive symptoms and reduced signaling causing negative symptoms.
Disorders Related to Somatic Symptoms
- Somatic symptom disorder entails chronic physical symptoms lacking a clear medical cause but accompanied by distress.
- Illness anxiety disorder focuses on excessive worrying about undiagnosed medical conditions.
- Conversion disorder presents with physical symptoms like paralysis without neurological explanation, often linked to trauma.
Psychological Concepts
- Dissociation involves disconnection among thoughts, feelings, and identity.
- Alexithymia is difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions.
- Identity confusion reflects uncertainty about personal identity, while identity alteration signifies shifts in self-perception and personality.
Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative fugue involves sudden departure and amnesia for past identity.
- Dissociative amnesia includes selective memory loss related to traumatic events.### Memory and Dissociation
- Memory gaps exceed normal forgetfulness; can be temporary or lasting with potential for recovery through therapy.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly Multiple Personality Disorder, involves multiple identity states in one individual, leading to amnesia and disrupted self-continuity.
- Post-hypnotic amnesia refers to temporary memory loss for events that occurred during hypnosis.
Brain Function and Memory
- The hippocampus and amygdala are crucial in memory and emotional regulation. Traumatic experiences can disrupt their interaction, resulting in fragmented memories and emotional dysregulation.
- State-dependent memory indicates improved recall when the physiological or psychological state during retrieval matches that during memory formation.
Eating Disorders
- Bulimia Nervosa includes binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.
- Binge Eating Disorder involves binge eating without regular compensatory actions; feelings of loss of control are prominent.
- Pica includes the consumption of non-food substances; rumination disorder involves regurgitating and re-chewing food, often starting in childhood.
Psychological Assessments and Treatments
- The Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) assesses attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders through various subscales such as drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction.
- Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) increases motivation for behavior change, particularly in substance abuse; techniques include reflective listening and decisional analysis sheets.
- Inpatient treatment requires overnight stays in a facility; outpatient treatment allows individuals to receive care without hospitalization.
Addiction and Withdrawal
- Iatrogenesis is harm caused by medical treatment; withdrawal involves physical and psychological symptoms when discontinuing a substance, varying by dependency level.
- The disease model of addiction views it as a chronic condition, focusing on brain changes due to substance use.
Personality Disorders
- Personality disorders are categorized into three clusters:
- Cluster A (odd/eccentric): includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders.
- Cluster B (dramatic/emotional): includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders.
- Cluster C (anxious/fearful): includes Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders.
Specific Conditions
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder involves eccentric behavior and discomfort in close relationships; Paranoid Personality Disorder includes distrust and hypervigilance.
- Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by disregard for others’ rights; psychopathy is a severe form marked by manipulation and lack of remorse.
- Dependent Personality Disorder leads to excessive reliance on others for emotional support; Avoidant Personality Disorder is marked by social inhibition and fear of negative evaluation.
Sexual Dysfunction and Therapy
- Sexual dysfunction includes issues like erectile dysfunction and low sexual desire, affecting relationships and well-being.
- Sensate focus exercises enhance intimacy in couples; androgen and estrogen therapies address hormone-related conditions.
- Paraphilias involve intense sexual interests in atypical objects or situations, with specific disorders like exhibitionism and voyeurism.
Cognitive Therapy Approaches
- Beck's cognitive model emphasizes the connection between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, focusing on cognitive distortions and restructuring.
- Young's schema therapy addresses maladaptive emotional patterns using elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy and attachment theory.
Abnormal Behavior and Treatment
- Abnormal behavior definitions include rarity, distress, dysfunction, and norm violation; treatment is not included.
- Albert Ellis' rational-emotive therapy posits that people respond to their interpretations of events rather than just conditioning or social expectations.
- A significant issue with drug treatment for psychological problems is the high rate of relapse after cessation of the drug.
Diathesis-Stress Model and Mental Disorders
- The diathesis-stress model connects mental disorders to an interaction of biological and psychological factors.
- The dimensional approach to mental disorders suggests that disorders exist along a continuum rather than being strictly categorical.
Phobias and Anxiety Disorders
- In vivo exposure is deemed the most effective treatment for specific phobias.
- Development of a panic disorder typically requires both specific and generalized psychological vulnerabilities.
- Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often hold both positive and negative beliefs about worrying.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- GAD has a lifetime prevalence rate of approximately 6.1% in Australia.
- Cognitive behavior therapy for GAD focuses on identifying negative beliefs and reappraising threats, but clients are not taught to suppress worries.
- The most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is cognitive behavior therapy, not medication.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- OCD prevalence is estimated between 2-3%.
- OCD diagnosis, according to DSM-5, requires the presence of obsessions or compulsions that cause distress, impact social or occupational functioning, and are not attributed to another condition.
- Common cognitive-behavioral tasks for OCD treatment include exposure and challenging irrational beliefs, not avoidance.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- PTSD is maintained by avoiding reminders of the trauma; it is recognized through biological, learning, and cognitive models.
- Prolonged exposure therapy has shown the best long-term outcomes for PTSD treatment.
- Interpersonal trauma has a higher likelihood of resulting in PTSD compared to other trauma types.
Bipolar Disorders
- Postnatal depression is a less common but serious disorder affecting women after childbirth.
- After a first depressive episode, many individuals will likely experience another episode (relapse).
- Biological, genetic, stressful life events, and temperament factors contribute to established bipolar disorder risk.
Schizophrenia and Psychosis
- The use of the diagnosis 'schizophrenia' is contested due to stigma, symptom overlap with other disorders, and common barriers faced in society.
- Negative symptoms of psychosis include lack of drive, motivation, emotional expression, and reduced spontaneous speech.
- The treatment for acute episodes of psychosis typically focuses on eliminating positive symptoms through medication.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia nervosa primarily affects young women.
- An individual displaying abnormal cognitions about shape and weight, while maintaining a normal body weight and engaging in binge eating, is likely diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.
- Cognitive behavior therapy is recognized as the most evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa.
Bulimia Nervosa
- The dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa suggests binge eating episodes are commonly triggered by dieting, negative affect, and their interaction.### Substance Use and Disorders
- "Tolerance" refers to needing increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect.
- In substance use disorder treatment, medication can block harmful substance effects, substitute for them, and reduce withdrawal symptoms.
- Individuals using methamphetamine are 11 times more likely to experience psychosis compared to the general community in Australia.
- Cognitive errors in problem gambling include the gambler's fallacy, selective recall, illusionary correlations, and biased evaluations.
Sexual Dysfunction
- Kaplan's stages of sexual functioning do not include "dysfunction."
- Sexual dysfunction can contribute to relationship problems, and vice versa, in a bidirectional manner.
- The medical model for treating erectile difficulties generally assumes that providing an erection will resolve the sexual problem.
Personality Disorders
- Definitions of personality include a consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving, which is enduring over time and pervasive across situations.
- Cluster B personality disorders display dramatic, acting-out, or flamboyant behaviors.
- The prevalence of personality disorders varies between cultures and over time, indicating they are not static.
Child and Adolescent Disorders
- Internalizing and externalizing disorders are the most common psychological issues in children.
- Drug treatment for ADHD is most effective when combined with psychosocial treatment, enhancing overall outcomes.
- Selective mutism is now thought to be a variant of social phobia rather than a separate condition.
Aging and Memory
- Memory lapses can arise from both normal aging and dementia.
- Positive aging encompasses maintaining a low risk of disease, high mental and physical functioning, and active life engagement.
- Longitudinal studies are preferred for examining age-related changes over time as they are more reliable than cross-sectional studies.
Cognitive Disorders
- Mild neurocognitive disorder involves cognitive changes that negatively impact functioning but does not meet dementia criteria.
- Medications for Alzheimer's disease primarily aim to improve cognitive functions rather than cure the illness or hasten progression.
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Test your knowledge in Clinical and Abnormal Psychology with this comprehensive exam. Covering key concepts such as statistical rarity, norm violation, and distress, this quiz will help you gauge your understanding of psychological disorders and their implications. Prepare yourself for real-world applications of these important psychological principles.