Introduction to Clinical Psychology Module 1

Questions and Answers

What was the primary belief about the cause of abnormal behavior in ancient cultures?

Possession by spirits or demons (correct)

Environmental influences

Psychological trauma

Genetic factors

What was one common method used to treat individuals believed to be possessed by evil spirits?

Therapeutic counseling

Medication

Exorcism (correct)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Which ancient figure is associated with moving away from the belief in demonic possessions?

Aristotle

Hippocrates (correct)

Plato

Socrates

What is trephination?

Drilling a hole in the skull Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift occurred in the understanding of mental disorders over time?

Transition from supernatural to scientific explanations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the spiritistic model of mental disorders?

It posits that abnormal behaviors stem from supernatural possession. Signup and view all the answers

What primary technique was NOT used in ancient treatments for suspected possessions?

Psychotherapy Signup and view all the answers

In which ancient civilization was there a belief that the behavior of an individual could indicate possession by a good or bad spirit?

Ancient Greece Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did Todd and his staff prioritize in treating patients?

Emphasizing patients' strengths Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did Dorothea Dix have on mental health treatment?

She established over 30 state institutions for the mentally ill. Signup and view all the answers

What was the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) developed in response to?

The need for a classification system in mental health Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of the clinical psychology definition as stated?

Alternative healing practices Signup and view all the answers

Who is often credited with the founding of clinical psychology?

Lightner Witmer Signup and view all the answers

In which setting is clinical psychology practice primarily carried out?

Clinics Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of clinical psychology refers to the techniques used during therapy?

Method Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of clinical psychology?

Helping clients with behavior or mental disorders Signup and view all the answers

What therapy approach became popular in the 1960s as an alternative to psychodynamic and behavioral methods?

Humanistic therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which decade marked the beginning of the family therapy revolution?

1950s Signup and view all the answers

What has become the most popular singular orientation among clinical psychologists in recent years?

Cognitive therapy Signup and view all the answers

When was the first Ethical Code of the APA published?

1953 Signup and view all the answers

In which decade did clinical psychologists gain hospital admitting privileges, increasing their respect from the medical establishment?

1980s Signup and view all the answers

What did the humorism theory suggest about mental disorders?

They have natural causes and can be treated medically. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments was NOT suggested by the proponent of humorism theory?

Medication for supernatural spirits Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in the treatment of psychological disorders during the 18th century?

Implementation of more humane treatment methods. Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the development of the York Retreat for humane treatment of the mentally ill?

William Tuke Signup and view all the answers

Which pioneer is often regarded as the father of American psychiatry?

Benjamin Rush Signup and view all the answers

What was Philippe Pinel's main objective in his treatment of the mentally ill?

To promote empathy over cruelty. Signup and view all the answers

Eli Todd was inspired by the movement for humane treatment initiated by which other pioneer?

Philippe Pinel Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the treatment approach at the York Retreat established by William Tuke?

Kindness, dignity, and decency. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists?

Clinical psychologists focus on psychological issues, while psychiatrists emphasize physiological abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of psychotherapy?

Dealing with recurring or chronic psychological issues. Signup and view all the answers

What training do clinical psychologists typically receive?

Extensive training in biological aspects of psychological problems. Signup and view all the answers

How does counseling typically differ from psychotherapy?

Counseling often addresses current issues in a short-term format. Signup and view all the answers

In the mid-20th century, which approach to therapy gained prominence in clinical psychology?

Behaviorism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of a psychiatrist's treatment approach?

To 'fix' the brain by prescribing medication. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the development of psychotherapy is true?

Behaviorism surfaced as an alternative approach in the 1950s and 1960s. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the kind of individuals that counseling typically deals with?

Individuals experiencing current difficulties in functioning. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Clinical Psychology in Historical Context

Clinical psychology evolved from abnormal psychology; treatment approaches shifted from superstition to science.
Ancient cultures (China, Egypt, Hebrew, Greece) often blamed supernatural forces for abnormal behaviors, using techniques like exorcism and trephination as treatments.
Hippocrates shifted the perspective, proposing natural causes for mental disorders and suggesting treatments based on diet, rest, and exercise.
The concept of humorism introduced a medical model of mental illness, laying the groundwork for future understanding and treatment.
The 18th century saw the rise of humane treatment (moral management), focusing on individual social and occupational needs.

Early Pioneers of Humane Treatment of Mental Disorders

Philippe Pinel advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill in France, moving patients from dungeons to humane environments.
William Tuke founded the York Retreat in Great Britain, emphasizing kindness and dignity for mentally ill patients.
Benjamin Rush, deemed the father of American psychiatry, transformed the treatment of institutionalized patients in the U.S.
Eli Todd established The Retreat in Connecticut, highlighting humane treatment and patient involvement in their care.
Dorothea Dix dedicated her life to improving mental health treatment, leading to the establishment of over 30 state institutions in the U.S.

Definition and Scope of Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology involves diagnosing, treating, and preventing mental disorders, utilizing specific techniques in a therapeutic process.
Functions include individual diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings, underscoring the necessity of training in practical application.
Lightner Witmer is credited with coining the term 'clinical psychology' and established the first psychological clinic in 1896.

Clinical Psychologist vs Psychiatrist

Clinical psychologists hold post-graduate degrees (PhD) and emphasize psychological aspects, while psychiatrists are licensed medical doctors focused on physiological abnormalities.
Approaches differ: psychologists use psychotherapy, whereas psychiatrists often prescribe medications.

Psychotherapy vs Counseling

Psychotherapy addresses long-term, chronic issues; delivered by psychological professionals and can last for years.
Counseling is short-term, focusing on current issues, and may be offered by various individuals, including volunteers.

Development of Psychotherapy

In the mid-20th century, psychodynamic approaches surged in popularity in clinical psychology.
The 1950s and 60s introduced behaviorism, emphasizing empirical methods and observable outcomes.
The humanistic therapy approach emerged in the 1960s, focusing on relationships and personal growth.
Cognitive therapy has recently gained prominence, focusing on logical thinking and psychological wellness.

Development of the Profession

1917 marked the founding of the American Association of Clinical Psychologists.
The American Psychological Association (APA) transitioned to a clinical section by 1919.
The 1940s saw wider, standardized education and training for clinical psychologists.
By the 1950s, diverse therapy approaches emerged, competing with established techniques.
The APA's first Ethical Code was published in 1953, and by the 1980s, clinical psychologists gained increased respect and hospital privileges in healthcare.

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Description

Explore the foundations of Clinical Psychology in this introductory module. Understand its historical context and how it relates to Abnormal Psychology. Discover the evolution of beliefs and treatment approaches over time.