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Questions and Answers
Psychopathology is the scientific study of __________ disorders.
Psychopathology is the scientific study of __________ disorders.
psychological
The most important development in psychopathology is the adoption of __________ methods.
The most important development in psychopathology is the adoption of __________ methods.
scientific
Clinical description represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and __________ that make up a specific disorder.
Clinical description represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and __________ that make up a specific disorder.
feelings
Prevalence measures how many people in the population as a whole have the __________.
Prevalence measures how many people in the population as a whole have the __________.
The term __________ refers to the beginning of a disorder.
The term __________ refers to the beginning of a disorder.
Prognosis is the anticipated course of a __________.
Prognosis is the anticipated course of a __________.
Etiology is the study of __________, relating to why a disorder begins.
Etiology is the study of __________, relating to why a disorder begins.
Historical conceptions of abnormal behavior often suggested that external agents influenced our behavior, thinking, and __________.
Historical conceptions of abnormal behavior often suggested that external agents influenced our behavior, thinking, and __________.
Deviant behavior has often been considered a reflection of the battle between good and ____.
Deviant behavior has often been considered a reflection of the battle between good and ____.
During the last quarter of the 14th century, society began to believe more strongly in the existence of ____ and witches.
During the last quarter of the 14th century, society began to believe more strongly in the existence of ____ and witches.
Treatments for possession included various religious rituals known as ____.
Treatments for possession included various religious rituals known as ____.
Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, and treatments included rest, sleep, and a ____.
Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, and treatments included rest, sleep, and a ____.
Exorcism was performed in an effort to rid the victim of ____ spirits.
Exorcism was performed in an effort to rid the victim of ____ spirits.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the ______.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the ______.
John P. Grey believed that the causes of insanity were always ______.
John P. Grey believed that the causes of insanity were always ______.
In the Middle Ages, if exorcism failed, individuals were often subjected to confinement, beatings, and other forms of ____.
In the Middle Ages, if exorcism failed, individuals were often subjected to confinement, beatings, and other forms of ____.
Trepanning was a process used to release evil spirits by drilling a hole in a person’s ____.
Trepanning was a process used to release evil spirits by drilling a hole in a person’s ____.
In the 1930s, interventions like electric shock and ______ surgery were often used.
In the 1930s, interventions like electric shock and ______ surgery were often used.
Mass hysteria is characterized by large-scale outbreaks of ____ behavior.
Mass hysteria is characterized by large-scale outbreaks of ____ behavior.
The drug Rauwolfia serpentine was later renamed ______.
The drug Rauwolfia serpentine was later renamed ______.
Emil Kraepelin coined the term '______ preacox'.
Emil Kraepelin coined the term '______ preacox'.
Paracelsus rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and ______ had profound effects on people's psychological functioning.
Paracelsus rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and ______ had profound effects on people's psychological functioning.
Hippocrates is considered to be the father of modern Western ______.
Hippocrates is considered to be the father of modern Western ______.
Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or ______.
Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or ______.
Too much or too little of one of the humors was believed to result in ______.
Too much or too little of one of the humors was believed to result in ______.
Hippocrates coined the word ______ to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians.
Hippocrates coined the word ______ to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians.
Galen later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them ______.
Galen later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them ______.
Hippocrates believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain ______ or head trauma.
Hippocrates believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain ______ or head trauma.
The 19th Century saw strong support from the well-respected American psychiatrist John P. ______.
The 19th Century saw strong support from the well-respected American psychiatrist John P. ______.
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Study Notes
Science of Psychopathology
- Psychopathology involves the scientific study of psychological disorders.
- Adoption of scientific methods marks a significant development in understanding psychological disorders, their causes, and treatments.
Clinical Description
- Unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings characterizes each psychological disorder.
- "Presents" is commonly used in clinical settings to indicate a patient's issues.
Key Concepts of Psychopathology
- Prevalence: The proportion of the population with a disorder at any given time.
- Incidence: The number of new cases occurring in a specific time frame, often annually.
- Course: Indicates the pattern of a disorder, e.g., chronic disorders often last for extended periods.
- Onset: Refers to how a disorder begins; acute onset occurs suddenly.
- Prognosis: The expected progression and likely outcome of a disorder.
- Etiology: Examines the origins and causes of disorders, considering biological, psychological, and social factors.
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior
- Understanding of abnormal behavior has evolved over time, influenced by beliefs about external agents (e.g., divinities or spirits).
The Supernatural Tradition
- Deviant behavior historically viewed as a manifestation of the struggle between good and evil.
- During the late 14th century, belief in demons and witches became widespread, leading to treatments like exorcism.
- Alternative views acknowledged mental illness as a natural phenomenon, emphasizing the impact of stress and depression.
- Failed exorcisms often resulted in extreme measures, including confinement or torture, and even trepanning to "release" evil spirits.
Mass Hysteria
- Characterized by outbreaks of bizarre behavior on a large scale, attributed to collective psychological phenomena.
The Biological Tradition
- Physical causes of mental disorders sought since ancient history.
- Hippocrates, considered the father of modern medicine, posited that psychological disorders could be treated similar to physical diseases and suggested factors like brain pathology and heredity.
- Galen expanded upon Hippocrates, linking brain functioning to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
- Balancing these humors was believed essential for maintaining health.
19th Century Advances
- Discovery of syphilis highlighted physical links to mental disorders, demonstrating its effects on mental health.
- John P. Grey argued that all insanity has physical causes, emphasizing treatment similar to physical illness involving rest and diet.
- Electric shock and brain surgery emerged as physical interventions in the 1930s, laying groundwork for future biological treatments.
Development of Biological Treatments
- Introduction of various treatments, including:
- Rauwolfia serpentina (reserpine)
- Neuroleptics (major tranquilizers)
- Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers)
Emil Kraepelin's Contributions
- A prominent figure in psychiatry, Kraepelin coining the term "dementia praecox."
- Many of his descriptions of schizophrenia remain relevant in contemporary psychiatry.
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