Questions and Answers
Psychopathology is the scientific study of __________ disorders.
psychological
The most important development in psychopathology is the adoption of __________ methods.
scientific
Clinical description represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and __________ that make up a specific disorder.
feelings
Prevalence measures how many people in the population as a whole have the __________.
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The term __________ refers to the beginning of a disorder.
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Prognosis is the anticipated course of a __________.
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Etiology is the study of __________, relating to why a disorder begins.
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Historical conceptions of abnormal behavior often suggested that external agents influenced our behavior, thinking, and __________.
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Deviant behavior has often been considered a reflection of the battle between good and ____.
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During the last quarter of the 14th century, society began to believe more strongly in the existence of ____ and witches.
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Treatments for possession included various religious rituals known as ____.
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Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, and treatments included rest, sleep, and a ____.
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Exorcism was performed in an effort to rid the victim of ____ spirits.
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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the ______.
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John P. Grey believed that the causes of insanity were always ______.
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In the Middle Ages, if exorcism failed, individuals were often subjected to confinement, beatings, and other forms of ____.
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Trepanning was a process used to release evil spirits by drilling a hole in a person’s ____.
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In the 1930s, interventions like electric shock and ______ surgery were often used.
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Mass hysteria is characterized by large-scale outbreaks of ____ behavior.
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The drug Rauwolfia serpentine was later renamed ______.
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Emil Kraepelin coined the term '______ preacox'.
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Paracelsus rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and ______ had profound effects on people's psychological functioning.
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Hippocrates is considered to be the father of modern Western ______.
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Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or ______.
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Too much or too little of one of the humors was believed to result in ______.
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Hippocrates coined the word ______ to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians.
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Galen later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them ______.
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Hippocrates believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain ______ or head trauma.
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The 19th Century saw strong support from the well-respected American psychiatrist John P. ______.
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Study Notes
Science of Psychopathology
- Psychopathology involves the scientific study of psychological disorders.
- Adoption of scientific methods marks a significant development in understanding psychological disorders, their causes, and treatments.
Clinical Description
- Unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings characterizes each psychological disorder.
- "Presents" is commonly used in clinical settings to indicate a patient's issues.
Key Concepts of Psychopathology
- Prevalence: The proportion of the population with a disorder at any given time.
- Incidence: The number of new cases occurring in a specific time frame, often annually.
- Course: Indicates the pattern of a disorder, e.g., chronic disorders often last for extended periods.
- Onset: Refers to how a disorder begins; acute onset occurs suddenly.
- Prognosis: The expected progression and likely outcome of a disorder.
- Etiology: Examines the origins and causes of disorders, considering biological, psychological, and social factors.
Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior
- Understanding of abnormal behavior has evolved over time, influenced by beliefs about external agents (e.g., divinities or spirits).
The Supernatural Tradition
- Deviant behavior historically viewed as a manifestation of the struggle between good and evil.
- During the late 14th century, belief in demons and witches became widespread, leading to treatments like exorcism.
- Alternative views acknowledged mental illness as a natural phenomenon, emphasizing the impact of stress and depression.
- Failed exorcisms often resulted in extreme measures, including confinement or torture, and even trepanning to "release" evil spirits.
Mass Hysteria
- Characterized by outbreaks of bizarre behavior on a large scale, attributed to collective psychological phenomena.
The Biological Tradition
- Physical causes of mental disorders sought since ancient history.
- Hippocrates, considered the father of modern medicine, posited that psychological disorders could be treated similar to physical diseases and suggested factors like brain pathology and heredity.
- Galen expanded upon Hippocrates, linking brain functioning to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
- Balancing these humors was believed essential for maintaining health.
19th Century Advances
- Discovery of syphilis highlighted physical links to mental disorders, demonstrating its effects on mental health.
- John P. Grey argued that all insanity has physical causes, emphasizing treatment similar to physical illness involving rest and diet.
- Electric shock and brain surgery emerged as physical interventions in the 1930s, laying groundwork for future biological treatments.
Development of Biological Treatments
- Introduction of various treatments, including:
- Rauwolfia serpentina (reserpine)
- Neuroleptics (major tranquilizers)
- Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers)
Emil Kraepelin's Contributions
- A prominent figure in psychiatry, Kraepelin coining the term "dementia praecox."
- Many of his descriptions of schizophrenia remain relevant in contemporary psychiatry.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the science of psychopathology and psychological disorders. This quiz explores the clinical descriptions and scientific methods used to understand these complex mental health issues. Perfect for students studying abnormal psychology.
