COPY: Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases

Higher temperatures increase water vapor in the atmosphere, which traps more heat, leading to further temperature rises.

As ice melts, less sunlight is reflected away, increasing heat absorption and further accelerating ice melt.

The IPCC assesses scientific research on climate change to provide comprehensive reports that guide policymakers in decision-making.

<p>Warming temperatures and rising sea levels due to melting glaciers reflect significant shifts in the Earth's climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social optimum accounts for externalities, aiming for a balance that maximizes social welfare, unlike market equilibrium which focuses solely on demand and supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External costs, or negative externalities, impose unintended burdens on third parties, such as health impacts from pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An open access equilibrium results in a situation where the total revenue equals total costs, leading to zero net revenue and potential overexploitation of resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ocean acidification, caused by excess CO₂ absorption, lowers ocean pH, affecting marine life and ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To incorporate external costs or benefits into market prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Pigovian tax directly targets the cost of the externality by imposing a fee equivalent to the external cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Property rights are essential as they allow parties to negotiate solutions to externalities without government intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optimal pollution occurs when the marginal social benefit of production equals the marginal social cost, including external costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows that individuals acting in their self-interest can deplete shared resources, detrimental to long-term interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cap-and-Trade systems allocate a limited number of permits for pollution, allowing companies to trade these permits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide financial incentives for companies to transition from polluting technologies to cleaner energy sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in demand can lead to a rise in optimal pollution levels, as more production typically results in higher emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A resource is 'subtractable' if the consumption by one individual reduces the availability of that resource for others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The success depends on resource characteristics like excludability and subtractability, as well as socio-economic conditions and enforcement abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successful management principles include having clear boundaries, fair rules, monitoring, and conflict resolution systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardin believes collective action is impossible without external intervention, while Ostrom asserts that communities can self-organize effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardin proposes top-down solutions like privatization or government intervention, whereas Ostrom advocates for bottom-up, community-focused solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger resources require multi-level cooperation and face challenges in effective management due to their scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ostrom believes that people can cooperate and establish norms, while Hardin assumes individuals act purely out of self-interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ecological overshoot occurs when humanity's demand on nature exceeds the planet's ability to regenerate resources, leading to consequences like climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GDP measures total economic output without accounting for negative externalities like pollution, while GPI includes these negatives and adds social factors like volunteer work and inequality, providing a fuller picture of well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The GPI promotes sustainable policies by accounting for environmental damage and advocating for clean energy and conservation, thus directing attention to societal well-being rather than just economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardin advocates for privatization or government regulation, while Ostrom believes multiple governance structures can effectively manage resources through community cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formula indicates that environmental impact (I) results from population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T), suggesting that population growth, consumption levels, and technological advances all contribute to environmental degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empty-World Economics describes a time of abundant resources with minimal environmental impact, while Full-World Economics reflects the current situation where economic activity heavily strains finite resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boulding's 'spaceman economy' advocates for a transition to circular systems that maintain environmental and societal balance, moving away from exploitative linear models.</p> Signup and view all the answers