Clause Elements and Verb Complementation
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of Bob's girlfriend in the example given?

  • Subject
  • Indirect object (correct)
  • Recipient (correct)
  • Direct object

What happens if the direct object 'a meal' is omitted from the sentence?

  • Bob is now cooking for someone else.
  • Bob continues to cook the meal.
  • The meaning of the sentence remains the same.
  • Bob's girlfriend no longer benefits from the action. (correct)

Which structure would typically be used if the indirect object (Jane) has already been mentioned?

  • Jane will receive my umbrella.
  • I will give my umbrella to Jane.
  • I will give Jane my umbrella. (correct)
  • My umbrella is for Jane.

What term describes the person intended to receive something in a sentence?

<p>Beneficiary (C), Recipient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a less typical realization of an indirect object?

<p>You can lend the dictionary to whoever needs it. (C), Let’s give before lunch-time priority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences demonstrates the recipient role of an indirect object?

<p>Bob was cooking her a meal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clause is one of the marginal realizations for an indirect object?

<p>Non-finite -ing clause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, how is the indirect object generally structured in a sentence?

<p>Following the direct object (B), As a prepositional phrase following the verb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a nominal that-clause?

<p>They fear that there may be no survivors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of clause can replace a direct object in certain sentences?

<p>Wh-cleft clause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an indirect object in a sentence?

<p>He sent his friend a letter. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences contains a wh-clause?

<p>No-one knows where he lives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sentence exemplifies passivation?

<p>It is feared that there may be no survivors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the affected role of a direct object example?

<p>She waved her hand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the eventive role of a direct object?

<p>We were having a fight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What preposition is typically used for the recipient in a sentence?

<p>to (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct object in a sentence?

<p>An entity acted upon by a verb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-finite clause?

<p>Many Londoners prefer to travel by train. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question does an indirect object typically answer?

<p>To whom? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the direct object is omitted from a sentence?

<p>The sentence may alter or lose meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about an indirect object?

<p>It often answers the question 'to whom?'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a prepositional/oblique object from a direct object?

<p>It is part of a transitive prepositional verb. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates an indirect object?

<p>They told us a story. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence 'He stuffed his mouth with peanuts', what role does 'his mouth' play?

<p>It is the prepositional object. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adjuncts primarily used to indicate in a clause?

<p>The circumstances of the action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adverbial connects and expresses relations between independent clauses?

<p>Conjuncts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adjuncts?

<p>They express the speaker's opinion about the statement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do disjuncts serve in a clause?

<p>They provide optional evaluative information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a type of conjunct?

<p>However (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adverbial is always optional in the clause?

<p>Disjunct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example would be classified as an adjunct of time?

<p>Tomorrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes conjuncts from adjuncts?

<p>Conjuncts connect clauses, while adjuncts provide context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you identify an indirect object in a sentence?

<p>It answers the question 'whom or for whom the action is done'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences contains an incorrect use of subject and objects?

<p>We were got the tickets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between direct and indirect objects?

<p>A sentence can have a direct object without an indirect object. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a correct prepositional paraphrase for an indirect object?

<p>She told us a joke. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding object complements?

<p>Object complements can be a noun or adjective that renames or describes the direct object. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a passive voice construction, who is typically represented as the subject?

<p>The direct object of the active voice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example demonstrates an indirect object correctly?

<p>She baked her brother a cake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do verbs of being primarily convey?

<p>Existing attributes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which verb best exemplifies a drastic change in state?

<p>Go (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a subject complement?

<p>Follows a linking verb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary function of an object complement.

<p>To provide information about the direct object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sentence correctly exemplifies a structure with a subject complement?

<p>He became angry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine if a verb is a copular verb?

<p>It can be replaced with a form of 'to be'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an adverbial in a clause?

<p>It is the most peripheral element. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of verbs of becoming?

<p>Express static attributes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Indirect Object

The recipient of an action or object. It's what someone receives, like a gift or a favor.

Direct Object

The thing or person directly affected by an action verb. It's what the action is done to.

Prepositional Object

A phrase that acts as the object of a preposition, often used with transitive prepositional verbs (e.g., look at, rely on).

Preposition 'to'

A preposition used to indicate the recipient of an action or object.

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Preposition 'for'

A preposition used to indicate the beneficiary of an action or object.

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Transitive Verb

A verb that takes both a direct and an indirect object. The action affects both.

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Direct Object Question

The question to ask to identify the direct object in a sentence. Answers 'what' or 'who' the subject is acting upon.

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Indirect Object Question

The question to ask to identify the indirect object in a sentence.

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SVOO Clause

A sentence structure with a subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object (SVOO).

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Recipient

The meaning of the indirect object when it refers to the person or thing receiving something directly.

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Beneficiary

The meaning of the indirect object when it refers to the person or thing benefiting from the verb, even if they don't receive something directly.

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SViOdO

Word order in a sentence where the indirect object (sometimes in a prepositional phrase) appears after the direct object.
Example: "I will give Jane my umbrella."

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SVdOiO

Word order in a sentence where the indirect object (in a prepositional phrase) appears before the direct object.
Example: "I will give my umbrella to Jane."

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Focus

In a sentence, the information considered to be the most important, often emphasized in spoken language.

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Prepositional Phrases of Time or Place

Phrases that indicate when or where an action takes place, and may function as a direct object in some cases. Example: "I would prefer before noon for a meeting."

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Finite That-Clauses and Wh-Clauses

Clauses that begin with "that" or "wh" words and function as the direct object in a sentence. Example: "They fear that there may be no survivors."

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Wh-Cleft Paraphrase

A grammatical test used to identify direct objects by paraphrasing a sentence using "What... is/was... " or "Who... is/was...". Example: "I wonder whether they know the truth."

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Extraposed Clauses

Clauses that function as direct objects and can be extraposed (moved to the beginning of the sentence), often with "It" as a dummy subject. Example: "It is feared that there may be no survivors."

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Non-Finite Clauses

Clauses that have no tense and are typically introduced by "to" or an -ing form. Example: "Many Londoners prefer to travel by train."

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Affected Role

The most common role of the direct object, referring to the thing directly affected by the action. Example: "She waved her hand."

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Resultant Role

The direct object can refer to something that is the result of the action. Example: "He’s written a novel."

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Eventive Role

The direct object can refer to an event or action itself. Example: "We were having a fight."

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Recipient in grammar

In grammar, a recipient is the entity receiving something (e.g. a gift, information, or a service).

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Beneficiary in grammar

In grammar, a beneficiary is the entity who benefits from an action, even if they don't directly receive something tangible.

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Prepositional phrase

A prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. For example, "to the store", "for my friend", "with my dog".

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Prepositional paraphrase

A prepositional paraphrase uses a prepositional phrase to clarify a recipient or beneficiary role. For example, "I gave the book to my friend" (recipient) or "I did it for my mom" (beneficiary).

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Object Complement

An object complement completes the meaning of a direct object by describing or specifying it. Think of it as extra information about the direct object.

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Clause

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate (verb and its elements). It can be a complete sentence or a part of a larger sentence.

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Adverbial

An optional element of a clause that provides extra information about the event or state described by the verb.

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Adjuncts

Adverbials that indicate the circumstances of the action. They answer questions like 'where', 'when', 'how', and 'why'.

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Conjuncts

Adverbials that connect and express relationships between independent clauses or sentences. They are often coordinating adverbs used to connect ideas.

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Disjuncts

Adverbials that express the speaker's judgment or evaluation of the truth of the utterance. They are always optional.

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Modal Disjunct

A type of disjunct that assesses the likelihood or certainty of the statement.

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Attitudinal Disjunct

A type of disjunct that expresses the speaker's attitude about the utterance. These disjuncts often reflect the speaker's feelings or judgments.

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Style Disjunct

A type of disjunct that comments on the way the utterance is expressed.

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Content Disjunct

A type of disjunct that comments on the way the utterance is related to its context.

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Verbs of Being

Verbs of being are called 'stative' verbs and they describe attributes or states of being that already exist.

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Verbs of Becoming

Verbs of becoming are called 'dynamic' verbs and they describe changes or transitions into a new state.

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Copular Verbs

Verbs of being and becoming are also known as 'copular verbs' or 'linking verbs'.

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Verb Phrase as Copula

A verb phrase can function as a copular verb when it links the subject to a description of identity or state.

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Adverbial Complement

Adverbial complements provide information about the subject's location, time, or circumstance, usually answering questions like 'where?' 'when?' or 'how?'.

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Copular Verb Test

To determine if a verb is a copular verb, try replacing it with a form of 'to be' followed by 'I think'. If it makes sense, it's likely a copular verb.

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Study Notes

Clause Constituents and Clause Elements

  • Clause elements include Subject (S), Verb (V), Direct Object (O), Indirect Object (IO), Object Complement (OC), Subject Complement (SC), and Adverbials (A).
  • Direct Object (O) follows the main verb and receives the action. It corresponds to the subject in a passive sentence.
  • Indirect Object (IO) is a person or entity indirectly affected by the verb's action.
  • Object Complement (OC) completes the meaning of the O, describing the O. It often occurs with complex transitive verbs.
  • Subject Complement (SC) follows linking verbs like "be" and provides more information about the subject. They can be noun phrases or adjective phrases.
  • Adverbials (A) provide extra information about the event or state, expressing time, place, manner, etc. Some are necessary (adverbial complements) and others are optional.

Verb Complementation and Clause Patterns

  • Verb complementation refers to the number of elements a verb needs to form a complete sentence. This is related to verb valency.
  • One-place verbs need only a subject.
  • Two-place verbs require a subject and one other element (object, complement or adverbial)
  • Three-place verbs need a subject and two other elements.
  • Different verbs have varying valencies, affecting clause structure.

Direct Object

  • Direct objects normally follow the main verb. They can be noun phrases or clauses.
  • They answer the question "Subject + verb + what/whom?"
  • Direct objects can include empty pronouns like "it" when necessary.

Indirect Object

  • Indirect objects are people or entities that indirectly benefit from or are affected by the action of the verb.
  • They can often be paraphrased with prepositions such as "to" or "for."
  • They typically come before the direct object.

Object Complement

  • Object complements complete the meaning of the direct object, providing more details.
  • They are often phrases or clauses.
  • They are typically used with complex transitive verbs.

Subject Complement

  • Subject complements complete the meaning of the subject in linking verb constructions.
  • They can be noun phrases or adjective phrases.
  • They usually follow linking verbs such as "be," "become," "seem," and others.

Adverbials

  • Adverbials add extra information about the event or state described by the verb.
  • They can include many different types of modifiers: time, place, manner, and others.
  • Some adverbials are necessary to complete the meaning (adverbial complements), while others are optional.

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Lecture 4: Clause Constituents & Elements - Verb Complementation Patterns PDF

Description

Explore the key components of clauses, including subjects, verbs, objects, and complements. Understand how these elements interact within various clause patterns and their specific roles in sentences. Test your knowledge on clause constituents and their functions.

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