Classification of Shock Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is shock?

Shock is an abnormal state associated with hypoperfusion.

What is hypoperfusion?

Inadequate oxygen supply, inadequate nutrient delivery to cells, and inadequate removal of waste products.

When does hypoperfusion occur?

When the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal.

What are the three stages of shock?

<ol> <li>Compensated shock 2. Decompensated or progressive shock 3. Irreversible shock.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stage 1 compensated shock?

The body is trying to compensate for the volume loss. Signup and view all the answers

What are other signs of hypoperfusion?

Dusky skin, oliguria, impaired mentation. Signup and view all the answers

What happens in stage 2 decompensated shock?

Myocardial oxygen demand increases while the body cannot compensate, worsening cardiac function. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in stage 3 irreversible shock?

Heart function declines and kidneys shut down; endpoint is the patient's death. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypovolemic shock and how is it categorized?

Hypovolemic shock can be exogenous (external) like blood loss or endogenous (internal) fluid loss. Signup and view all the answers

Define cardiogenic shock.

Occurs when the heart is unable to circulate sufficient blood. Signup and view all the answers

What does arrhythmia mean?

Abnormal or irregular heartbeat. Signup and view all the answers

What is vasogenic shock?

Shock caused by widening of blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is anaphylactic shock?

Severe, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What are typical signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

Skin reactions, decreased blood pressure, anxiety, weakness, dizziness. Signup and view all the answers

Define septic shock.

Result of widespread infusion due to bacteria, with a mortality rate of 29%. Signup and view all the answers

What causes neurogenic shock?

Sudden loss of autonomic tone due to spinal cord injury. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term associated hypotension imply?

Places patients at increased risk of secondary spinal cord ischemia. Signup and view all the answers

What are signs of hypovolemia?

Increased heart rate, low blood pressure, cold skin, slow cap refill. Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs of vasogenic shock?

Increased heart rate, low blood pressure, warm skin, slow cap refill. Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hypovolemia?

Loss of blood or plasma. Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of cardiogenic shock?

Decreased pumping capability of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What causes vasogenic shock?

Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone. Signup and view all the answers

What causes anaphylactic shock?

Systemic vasodilation and increased permeability due to severe allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What causes septic shock?

Vasodilation owing to severe infection, often with gram-negative bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Shock

Shock is an abnormal state marked by hypoperfusion, leading to inadequate blood flow to tissues.

Hypoperfusion Explained

Inadequate oxygen supply and nutrient delivery to cells.
Inability to remove waste from cellular metabolism.
Requires a functioning heart to maintain circulation.

Occurrence of Hypoperfusion

Happens when tissue perfusion levels drop below normal.

Stages of Shock

Compensated or non-compensated: Early signs of shock.
Decompensated or progressive: Late signs requiring immediate intervention.
Irreversible: Terminal stage, leading to death.

Stage 1: Compensated Shock

Body attempts to counteract volume loss through physiological mechanisms.
Fluid replacement can aid compensatory processes and protect major organs from damage.

Signs of Hypoperfusion

Dusky or mottled skin appearance.
Oliguria (reduced urine output).
Impaired mental status or confusion.

Stage 2: Decompensated Shock

Prolonged hypoperfusion increases myocardial oxygen demand.
Compensatory mechanisms fail, leading to decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
Symptoms include weak or absent peripheral pulses and potential fluid leakage causing edema.

Stage 3: Irreversible Shock

Progressive heart decline and kidney failure.
Widespread cellular death in tissues and organs.
Final outcome typically results in patient death.

Types of Shock - Hypovolemic

Exogenous: Results from external bleeding or fluid loss (e.g., trauma, diarrhea).
Endogenous: Fluid loss occurs internally, within the body.

Types of Shock - Cardiogenic

Heart’s inability to circulate adequate blood, resulting in insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

Basic Definition of Arrhythmia

Abnormal or irregular heartbeat patterns.

Types of Shock - Obstructive

A form of cardiogenic shock involving obstruction to blood flow in the heart or major vessels.

Types of Shock - Vasogenic (Distributive)

Shock due to blood vessel dilation, leading to abnormal blood redistribution within the vascular system.

Anaphylactic Shock

Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction triggered by substances such as latex, certain foods, or medication.
Rapid onset with symptoms including low blood pressure, airway obstruction, and severe hypoxia.

Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylactic Shock

Skin: Itching, hives, warmth.
Cardiovascular: Hypotension.
CNS: Anxiety, dizziness, loss of consciousness.

Septic Shock

Results from widespread infection, commonly bacterial, with a mortality rate around 29%.

Neurogenic Shock

Sudden loss of sympathetic autonomic tone due to spinal cord injury.

Associated Hypotension Risks

Increases risk of secondary spinal cord ischemia due to impaired blood flow regulation.

Signs of Hypovolemic Shock

Elevated heart rate (tachycardia).
Low blood pressure (hypotension).
Cold, clammy skin with delayed capillary refill.

Signs of Vasogenic Shock

Increased heart rate; may be normal in neurogenic shock.
Low blood pressure.
Warm skin, with possible coldness in severe cases.

Signs of Cardiogenic Shock

Heart rate can be increased or decreased.
Low blood pressure.
Cold, clammy skin and slow capillary refill.

Causes of Hypovolemic Shock

Significant loss of blood or plasma volume.

Causes of Cardiogenic Shock

Diminished pumping capability of the heart.

Causes of Vasogenic Shock

Vasodilation due to loss of sympathetic tone, triggered by pain, fear, or spinal cord injuries.

Causes of Anaphylactic Shock

Systemic vasodilation and increased vascular permeability due to severe allergic reactions.

Causes of Septic Shock

Severe infection leading to vasodilation, often associated with gram-negative bacteria.

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Description

Explore the essentials of shock and hypoperfusion with these informative flashcards. Gain a deeper understanding of the definitions, causes, and effects associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply in the body. Ideal for students and healthcare professionals looking to enhance their knowledge in this critical area.