Classification of Living Primates Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are prosimians?

  • A type of bird
  • A subclass of reptiles
  • One of the two suborders of primates including lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers (correct)
  • Monkeys

Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers belong to which suborder?

Prosimian

What are anthropoids?

  • Primates with wet noses
  • A type of mammal
  • One of the two suborders of primates including monkeys, apes, and humans (correct)
  • Primates without tails

Monkeys belong to which suborder?

<p>Anthropoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans belong to which suborder?

<p>Anthropoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apes belong to which suborder?

<p>Anthropoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lorises belong to which suborder?

<p>Prosimian</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tarsiers belong to which suborder?

<p>Prosimian</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classification of primates is clear and concrete.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of the disagreement about the classification of primates occurs around what two primate groups?

<p>Tarsiers and humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

New World monkeys and Old World monkeys are classified in different suborders.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are quadrupeds?

<p>Animals that walk on all fours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bipeds?

<p>Animals that walk on two feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the two suborders of primates resemble other mammals more than the other order?

<p>Prosimians</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the two suborders depends more on smell than sight?

<p>Prosimians</p> Signup and view all the answers

This suborder of primates has mobile ears, whiskers, and long snouts.

<p>Prosimians</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lemurs are mostly vegetarian.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The only primates that depend completely on animal foods are?

<p>Tarsiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tarsal bone?

<p>Ankle bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do nocturnal lemurs live in groups or solitude?

<p>Solitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diurnal lemurs can live in groups of up to 60 individuals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cute thing do tarsiers do each evening?

<p>Sing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tarsiers live in large groups up to 25 individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are strepsirhines?

<p>Primates with wet noses, including lemurs and lorises</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are haplorines?

<p>Meaning 'single nose,' this includes tarsiers and anthropoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haplorines are prosimians and strepsirhines are anthropoids.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haplorines are anthropoids and strepsirhines are prosimians.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are haplorines anthropoids or prosimians?

<p>Anthropoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are strepsirhines anthropoids or prosimians?

<p>Prosimians</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suborder has the more fully formed placenta?

<p>Anthropoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are platyrrhines?

<p>New World monkeys (anthropoids) that have broad, flat-bridged noses, and outward-facing nostrils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are platyrrhines New or Old World monkeys?

<p>New World</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catarrhines are only found in the New World.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platyrrhines are only found in the Old World.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platyrrhines and catarrhines are anthropoids.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are catarrhines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are platyrrhines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

New World monkeys have 3 premolars and Old World monkeys have 2.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

New World monkeys have 2 premolars and Old World monkeys have 3.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some Old World monkeys have prehensile tails.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All New World monkeys are completely arboreal.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest New World monkey?

<p>Woolly spider monkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cercopithecoid?

<p>Old World monkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primates

A large group of mammals characterized by traits like five-fingered hands and feet, binocular vision, and a relatively large brain compared to body size.

Prosimians

One of the two main groups of primates, including lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. They are generally considered more primitive than anthropoids and retain features closer to other mammals.

Anthropoids

One of the two main groups of primates, including monkeys, apes, and humans. They are more advanced than prosimians and share several characteristics, including larger brain size and a more complex social structure.

Prosimians

A group of primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. They are known for their more primitive features, including reliance on smell, large, mobile ears, and long snouts.

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Prosimians

Primates that rely heavily on smell for navigation and finding food.

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Prosimians

Primates that exhibit features like mobile ears, whiskers, and long snouts. These traits likely evolved for their reliance on smell and nocturnal habits.

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Anthropoids

A group of primates that includes monkeys, apes, and humans. They are characterized by more complex social interactions and advancements in brain size and cognitive abilities.

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Placenta (in Anthropoids)

A structure in the womb that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. Anthropoids possess more fully formed placentas than prosimians, reflecting their evolutionary advancement.

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New World monkeys (Platyrrhines)

A type of monkey found in the Americas, characterized by broad, flat noses and outward-facing nostrils.

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Old World monkeys (Catarrhines)

A type of monkey found in Africa and Asia, characterized by narrower noses with downward-facing nostrils.

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Humans as Catarrhines

Humans are classified as catarrhines. This means we share a common ancestor with Old World monkeys.

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Premolars

The number of premolars (teeth) in a mouth. Humans have two premolars, while New World monkeys have three.

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Prehensile Tail

The ability to move through trees using their tails for grasping and balance.

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Arboreal

The tendency to live primarily in trees. All New World monkeys are arboreal.

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Locomotion

The way an animal moves. In primates, it can include walking on all fours (quadrupedal), walking on two legs (bipedal), or using a combination of arm swings and leaps to move vertically (vertical clinging and leaping).

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Quadrupedal Locomotion

Walking on all four limbs.

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Bipedal Locomotion

Walking on two legs, a trait unique to humans and some apes.

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Vertical Clinging and Leaping

A unique way of moving between trees used by certain prosimians. They combine vertical clinging with powerful leaps to move efficiently through branches.

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Haplorhines

A group of primates that includes tarsiers and anthropoids. They are characterized by advanced features compared to strepsirhines, like a more advanced brain, and a larger reliance on vision.

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Strepsirhines

A group of primates that includes lemurs and lorises. They exhibit more primitive features compared to haplorhines.

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Tarsier singing

The unique behavior of tarsiers to produce vocalizations or 'songs' each night.

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Woolly Spider Monkey

The largest species of New World monkey known for its long, woolly fur.

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Misconception about Old World and New World monkeys

The common misconception that New World monkeys and Old World monkeys are classified into different suborders, and that platyrrhines are only found in the Old World. This is incorrect.

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Classification of Tarsiers

The classification of tarsiers is debated by scientists, with some placing them closer to anthropoids and others considering them prosimians.

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Classification of Humans

The classification of humans is debated by scientists, with some focusing on our distinct features and others emphasizing our shared ancestry with other primates.

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Ongoing Debate in Primate Classification

The classification of primates is constantly evolving as scientists gather more data about their relationships and evolutionary history.

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Brachiation

A specialized type of locomotion seen in some primates, where they use their arms and legs to swing through trees, often in a coordinated manner.

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Study Notes

Classification of Living Primates

  • Primates are divided into two main suborders: Prosimians and Anthropoids.

Prosimians

  • Includes species like lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.
  • Characterized by more primitive features, resembling other mammals.
  • Depend more on smell than sight.
  • Display traits such as mobile ears, whiskers, and long snouts.
  • Nocturnal lemurs often live in solitude, while diurnal lemurs can form groups of up to 60 individuals.
  • Mostly vegetarian, but tarsiers are unique among primates for relying entirely on animal foods.

Anthropoids

  • Comprises monkeys, apes, and humans.
  • Features a more fully formed placenta compared to prosimians.
  • New World monkeys (platyrrhines) have broad, flat noses and outward-facing nostrils, while Old World monkeys (catarrhines) have narrower noses.
  • Humans are classified as catarrhines and possess 2 premolars, unlike New World monkeys, which have 3 premolars.
  • Not all Old World monkeys have prehensile tails, while all New World monkeys are completely arboreal.

Identifying Features

  • Quadrupeds: Walk on all fours, common in many primate species.
  • Bipeds: Walk on two feet, a trait seen in humans and some apes.
  • Vertical Clinging and Leaping: A locomotive pattern utilized by certain prosimians for movement between vertical branches.

Disagreements in Classification

  • Ongoing debate exists around classifying tarsiers and humans, with distinctions not always clear-cut.
  • Haplorines are considered anthropoids, while strepsirhines are categorized as prosimians.

Interesting Facts

  • Tarsiers are noted for their singing behavior each evening.
  • The woolly spider monkey holds the title of the largest New World monkey.
  • Despite some misconceptions, New World monkeys and Old World monkeys are not classified into different suborders, and platyrrhines are not exclusive to the Old World.

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Test your knowledge on the classification of living primates with these flashcards. Explore the two primary suborders: prosimians and anthropoids, and learn about their distinctive members such as lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

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