Questions and Answers
What are antimicrobial drugs?
What are microbes?
Bacteria, viruses, and fungi
What do parasites describe?
Protozoa and helminths
List the basis for classification of antimicrobial drugs.
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Which of the following are classified based on chemical structure?
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What characterizes narrow spectrum antibiotics?
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Give examples of narrow spectrum antibiotics.
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What are examples of broad spectrum antibiotics?
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What are bacteriostatic drugs?
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What characterizes bactericidal drugs?
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What are cell wall synthesis inhibitors?
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List examples of beta-lactam antibiotics.
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What are the disadvantages of penicillin G?
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What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do?
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What constitutes augmentin?
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Study Notes
Antimicrobial Drugs Overview
- Antimicrobial drugs are chemicals designed to target and harm pathogenic organisms while being safe for the host.
Microbial Entities
- Microbes include bacteria, viruses, and fungi, whereas parasites refer to protozoa and helminths.
Classification Basis
- Classification of antimicrobial drugs is based on:
- Type of organisms they act against
- Chemical structure
- Mechanism of action
- Spectrum of activity
- Mode of action
Chemical Structure Categories
- Types include:
- Beta-lactam antibiotics
- Sulfonamides
- Tetracyclines
- Polyene antimicrobial drugs
- Azoles
Spectrum of Activity
- Antimicrobial agents can be classified as:
- Narrow spectrum: effective against specific bacteria (e.g., Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Penicillin G)
- Broad spectrum: effective against a wide range of bacteria (e.g., Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines)
Action Types
- Mode of action can be:
- Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth or reproduction (e.g., Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, Erythromycin)
- Bactericidal: kills bacteria (e.g., Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin)
Mechanisms of Action
- Inhibitors categorized by their action:
- Cell wall synthesis inhibitors (e.g., Beta-lactams, Vancomycin)
- Protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g., Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol)
- Folic acid synthesis inhibitors (e.g., Sulfonamides)
- Drugs that disrupt cell membranes (e.g., Polymyxins)
Beta-lactam Antibiotics
- Subcategories:
- Natural penicillins (e.g., Penicillin G)
- Synthetic penicillins (e.g., Acid-resistant, Penicillinase-resistant, Extended-spectrum)
Penicillin G
- Variants include:
- Sodium penicillin G
- Procaine penicillin G
- Benzathine penicillin G
- Has limitations like narrow spectrum, acid lability, and susceptibility to beta-lactamase.
Synthetic Penicillins
- Types include:
- Acid-resistant penicillin (e.g., Penicillin V)
- Penicillinase-resistant (e.g., Methicillin, Oxacillin)
- Extended spectrum (e.g., Ampicillin, Ticarcillin)
Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
- Potent inhibitors of beta-lactamase, combined with penicillins to enhance effectiveness (e.g., Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam).
Combination Drugs
- Augmentin: Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid
- Unasyn: Ampicillin + Sulbactam
- Zosyn: Piperacillin + Tazobactam
- Timentin: Ticarcillin + Clavulanic acid
Cephalosporins Classification
- Classified into four generations based on their effectiveness and resistance levels.
- First generation includes:
- Cefadroxil
- Cefazolin
- Cephalexin
- Cephalothin
- Primarily active against gram-positive cocci, ineffective against methicillin-resistant strains.
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Description
Explore the classification of antimicrobial drugs through this engaging flashcard quiz. Learn about the different types of microbes and parasites, as well as the basis for the classification of these crucial drugs. Ideal for students in microbiology or pharmacology.
