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What are chemotherapeutic agents?
What are chemotherapeutic agents?
Chemical agents that combat disease in the body.
Define antimicrobial drugs.
Define antimicrobial drugs.
Chemical agents that destroy microorganisms.
How are antimicrobial drugs classified according to their spectrum of activity?
How are antimicrobial drugs classified according to their spectrum of activity?
Which category of antimicrobial drugs acts on cell wall synthesis?
Which category of antimicrobial drugs acts on cell wall synthesis?
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Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacterial ribosomes include _____.
Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit protein synthesis in bacterial ribosomes include _____.
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Active replication of bacteria is not required for most antibacterial drug actions.
Active replication of bacteria is not required for most antibacterial drug actions.
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Match the following mechanisms of drug resistance with their examples:
Match the following mechanisms of drug resistance with their examples:
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What are chemotherapeutic agents?
What are chemotherapeutic agents?
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Define antimicrobial drugs.
Define antimicrobial drugs.
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What is the classification of antimicrobial drugs based on spectrum of activity?
What is the classification of antimicrobial drugs based on spectrum of activity?
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Antimicrobial drugs that directly kill microorganisms are known as __________.
Antimicrobial drugs that directly kill microorganisms are known as __________.
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Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit growth of microorganisms are bacteriostatic.
Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit growth of microorganisms are bacteriostatic.
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What is the mechanism of action of Quinolones?
What is the mechanism of action of Quinolones?
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Match the following mechanisms of drug resistance with their descriptions:
Match the following mechanisms of drug resistance with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Chemotherapeutic Agents and Antimicrobial Drugs
- Chemotherapeutic agents are chemical agents that combat disease in the body.
- Antimicrobial drugs are chemical agents that destroy microorganisms, and may be synthetic or natural.
Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Classified according to spectrum of activity:
- Broad spectrum antibiotics: act against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria (e.g. amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin)
- Narrow spectrum antibiotics: act against certain microorganisms (e.g. penicillin)
- Classified according to mechanism of action:
- Drugs acting on cell wall (e.g. penicillin)
- Drugs acting on protein synthesis (e.g. aminoglycosides)
- Drugs acting on cell membrane (e.g. polymyxin)
- Drugs acting on nucleic acid biosynthesis (e.g. rifampicin)
- Classified according to bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity:
- Bactericidal: eliminate bacteria (e.g. aminoglycosides)
- Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of bacteria (e.g. chloramphenicol)
Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Directly kill microorganisms (bactericidal)
- Inhibit growth of microorganisms (bacteriostatic)
Mechanism of Action
- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (e.g. cephalosporins, penicillins, vancomycin)
- Inhibition of cell membrane function (e.g. clostin, polymyxin B)
- Inhibition of protein synthesis (e.g. chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (e.g. quinolones, rifampin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim)
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
- Microorganisms produce enzymes that destroy the activity of the drug
- Microorganisms develop an altered metabolic pathway that bypasses the reaction inhibited by the drug
- Microorganisms develop an altered enzyme
Origins of Drug Resistance
- Non-genetic origin:
- Active replication of bacteria is required for most antibacterial drug action
- Microorganisms may lose specific target structure and become resistant
- Intracellular microorganisms are not affected by drugs as long as they stay inside cells
- Genetic origin:
- Chromosomal mutation: develops as a result of spontaneous mutation in a locus that controls susceptibility to a given drug
- Extrachromosomal "plasmid mediated resistance": carries genes for resistance to one or several antimicrobial drugs
- R-factor composed of two parts: resistant-transfer factor (RTF) and R-determinant
- Dissemination by bacterial conjugation mainly
- Genetic material and plasmid can be transferred by transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Chemotherapeutic Agents and Antimicrobial Drugs
- Chemotherapeutic agents are chemical agents that combat disease in the body.
- Antimicrobial drugs are chemical agents that destroy microorganisms, and may be synthetic or natural.
Classification of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Classified according to spectrum of activity:
- Broad spectrum antibiotics: act against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria (e.g. amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin)
- Narrow spectrum antibiotics: act against certain microorganisms (e.g. penicillin)
- Classified according to mechanism of action:
- Drugs acting on cell wall (e.g. penicillin)
- Drugs acting on protein synthesis (e.g. aminoglycosides)
- Drugs acting on cell membrane (e.g. polymyxin)
- Drugs acting on nucleic acid biosynthesis (e.g. rifampicin)
- Classified according to bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity:
- Bactericidal: eliminate bacteria (e.g. aminoglycosides)
- Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of bacteria (e.g. chloramphenicol)
Action of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Directly kill microorganisms (bactericidal)
- Inhibit growth of microorganisms (bacteriostatic)
Mechanism of Action
- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (e.g. cephalosporins, penicillins, vancomycin)
- Inhibition of cell membrane function (e.g. clostin, polymyxin B)
- Inhibition of protein synthesis (e.g. chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides)
- Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (e.g. quinolones, rifampin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim)
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
- Microorganisms produce enzymes that destroy the activity of the drug
- Microorganisms develop an altered metabolic pathway that bypasses the reaction inhibited by the drug
- Microorganisms develop an altered enzyme
Origins of Drug Resistance
- Non-genetic origin:
- Active replication of bacteria is required for most antibacterial drug action
- Microorganisms may lose specific target structure and become resistant
- Intracellular microorganisms are not affected by drugs as long as they stay inside cells
- Genetic origin:
- Chromosomal mutation: develops as a result of spontaneous mutation in a locus that controls susceptibility to a given drug
- Extrachromosomal "plasmid mediated resistance": carries genes for resistance to one or several antimicrobial drugs
- R-factor composed of two parts: resistant-transfer factor (RTF) and R-determinant
- Dissemination by bacterial conjugation mainly
- Genetic material and plasmid can be transferred by transformation, transduction, and conjugation
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Description
This quiz covers the classification of antimicrobial drugs, including chemotherapeutic agents, anti-microbial drugs, and their spectrum of activity.
