Antimicrobial Drugs and Inhibitors
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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of an allergy to penicillin?

  • A slight fever
  • A violent allergic response and death (correct)
  • A headache
  • A minor skin rash

Which category of antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?

  • Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
  • Cephalosporins
  • Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
  • Glycopeptide antibiotics (correct)

What is the primary mechanism of action for Aminoglycoside Antibiotics?

  • Inhibiting peptide bond formation
  • Directly inhibiting protein synthesis and causing misreading of messenger RNA (correct)
  • Interfering with mRNA reading
  • Inhibiting aminoacyl-tRNA binding

What is the unique structural feature of Tetracyclines?

<p>A four-ring structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of Macrolides?

<p>A lactone ring linked to one or more sugars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is often used to treat acne?

<p>Tetracyclines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the rise in resistance to Vancomycin?

<p>A great concern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

<p>Macrolides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Cephalosporins?

<p>Inhibiting cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the crucial feature of the penicillin molecule that is essential for bioactivity?

<p>The β-lactam ring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of penicillins?

<p>Blocking the enzyme that catalyzes transpeptidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of penicillin's mode of action on growing bacteria?

<p>The lysis of bacterial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the mechanism of action of penicillins?

<p>They bind to penicillins and prevent cell wall synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between naturally occurring penicillins and semisynthetic penicillins?

<p>Semisynthetic penicillins have a broader spectrum than naturally occurring penicillins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of adults in the U.S. who are resistant to penicillins?

<p>1-5% of adults in the U.S. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme that is inhibited by penicillins, leading to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis?

<p>Transpeptidase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the activation of bacterial autolysins and murein hydrolases by penicillins?

<p>The lysis of bacterial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bacterial holins in the mechanism of action of penicillins?

<p>They stimulate the formation of holes in the plasma membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Chloramphenicol?

<p>Inhibits peptidyl transferase reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are sulfonamides selectively toxic for many pathogens?

<p>They compete with PABA for the active site of an enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common mechanism of action of Metabolic Antagonists?

<p>Competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of combining Trimethoprim with sulfa drugs?

<p>To increase the efficacy of treatment by blocking two steps in folic acid pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Quinolones?

<p>Inhibiting bacterial DNA-gyrase and topoisomerase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of sulfa drugs competing with PABA for the active site of an enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis?

<p>Decrease in purine and pyrimidine synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors?

<p>They inhibit DNA replication and transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Chloramphenicol only used in life-threatening situations?

<p>It has numerous side effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural feature of Sulfonamides?

<p>They are structurally similar to PABA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason antifungal drugs have low therapeutic index and are toxic?

<p>They have similarity to eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an antifungal drug that disrupts membrane permeability and inhibits sterol synthesis?

<p>Acyclovir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in treating systemic mycoses?

<p>They are difficult to control and can be fatal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of amphotericin B?

<p>Binds to sterols in membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of fluconazole compared to other antifungal drugs?

<p>It has low side effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action of antiviral drugs?

<p>Inhibiting synthesis of virus-specific nucleic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using drug combinations in treating mycoses and viral infections?

<p>They are more effective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an antiviral drug that inhibits synthesis of virus-specific nucleic acid?

<p>Acyclovir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between treating superficial and systemic mycoses?

<p>The ease of treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antiprotozoan drugs exert their effect?

<p>Disrupting NA synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences the ability of an antimicrobial drug to reach the site of infection?

<p>Mode of administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why microbes in abscesses or biofilms may be resistant to antimicrobial drugs?

<p>They are growing slowly and are not susceptible to the drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of drug efflux as a means of resistance?

<p>The drug is pumped out of the cell by the pathogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of resistance genes in nature?

<p>Antibiotic-producing microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can resistance genes be transferred between bacteria?

<p>Through horizontal gene transfer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why giving two or more drugs at the same time can help overcome drug resistance?

<p>It targets different pathways in the pathogen, reducing the emergence of resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential future solution to overcoming drug resistance?

<p>Developing bacteriophage therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why spontaneous mutations in chromosomal genes can lead to drug resistance?

<p>They result in a change in the drug target (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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