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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a key difference between classical and instrumental conditioning?

Only in instrumental conditioning do the subject's responses control whether meaningful consequences occur (correct)

Only in classical conditioning do behaviours re-emerge after extinction

Only in classical conditioning do discriminative stimuli control behaviour

Only in classical conditioning do conditioned responses undergo extinction if the biologically meaningful stimulus is no longer provided

Imagine that your friend trained her dog, Dino, to fetch the newspaper each morning by reinforcing the behaviour with a dog treat. However, the vet says that Dino is a little overweight and so your friend decides to stop giving out dog treats. Over the next couple of weeks, Dino becomes increasingly reluctant to fetch the newspaper and eventually stops altogeher. A few months later, however, your friend notices Dino collecting the newspaper again. Dino's behaviour exhibits which of the following?

Extinction and renewal

The partial reinforcement extinction effect

Discrimination learning and renewal

Extinction and spontaneous recovery (correct)

Which of the following factors typically contribute to effective classical conditioning between a condiitoned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

I. a strong contingency between the CS and US such that the probability of the US is higher when the CS has been presented II. a relatively long temporal delay between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US III. relatively few opportunities for the CS and US to be paired together IV. a salient and motivationally relevant US V. a relatively faint CS that doesn't draw attention away from the US

II and IV

I and II

I and IV (correct)

I and V

What is the defining difference between social facilitation and social learning?

In social facilitation, animals stand an increased chance of learning from their own experiences simply by being in a social group. but do not learn from observing others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is TRUE?

Acquisition of a CR is usually strongest when there is a relatively brief delay between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US Signup and view all the answers

Research on delay discounting reveals that;

a reward has higher perceived value if the individual does not have to wait very long to obtain it Signup and view all the answers

Testing for, and observing, a generalisation gradient usually involves which of the following?

testing several stimuli that are similar to the trained stimulus to varying degrees Signup and view all the answers

Sally likes completing brain teasers and word puzzles in her spare time. She feels a sense of satisfaction when she completes one and finds she has the correct answer, but she does not like to fail. She chooses puzzles that are difficult enough to be challenging but easy enough that she stands a reasonable chance of succeeding every time she tries. In making these choices, what aspect of the problem is Sally's behaviour maximising?

the expected utility of the puzzle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered to be an example of learning?

Through growth and maturation, a developing child gains the physical ability to perform new behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Little Johnny's parents are trying to improve Johnny's manners (eg. being polite, saying 'please' and 'thank you') using Bandura' s principle of modelling. Whenever Johnny is in the room, they make sure that they talk to each other very politely. According to Bandura' s social learning theory, which of the following is TRUE about the conditions that must be met in order for Johnny to model the polite behaviour?

Johnny is more likely to model his siblings' polite behaviour if he witnesses them being rewarded for it Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical and Instrumental Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that reliably evokes an unconditioned response (UR).
Instrumental (or operant) conditioning involves associating a behavior with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher).
Dino's behavior demonstrates spontaneous recovery, a phenomenon in classical conditioning where a previously extinguished conditioned response reappears after a period of time.

Factors Contributing to Effective Classical Conditioning

I. Strong Contingency Between the CS and US: The US should be highly likely to occur when the CS is presented, strengthening the association.
II. Short Temporal Delay: Consecutive presentation of the CS and US with a minimal delay between them strengthens the association.
III. Repeated Pairings: Increasing the pairings of the CS and US strengthens the association.
IV. Salient and Motivationally Relevant US: The US should be noticeable and relevant to the organism, enhancing the conditioning process.
V. A Salient CS: The CS should be strong enough to draw attention and be easily associated with the US.

Social facilitation refers to the enhancement of performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
Social learning involves acquiring new knowledge or behaviors through observing and imitating others.

Classical Conditioning

True Statement: Classical conditioning can occur without conscious awareness on the part of the learner.

Delay Discounting

Research on delay discounting reveals that individuals are more likely to choose smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards.

Generalization Gradient

Testing for, and observing, a generalization gradient usually involves presenting stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) and measuring the conditioned response (CR) to each stimulus.

Problem Solving: Minimizing Difficulty

Sally is minimizing difficulty by choosing puzzles that are challenging but also have a high probability of success.

Learning

Not considered learning: Maturation refers to changes in behavior that occur due to biological processes and development rather than experience.

In order for Johnny to model polite behavior, the following conditions must be met:
- Attention: Johnny needs to pay attention to his parents' behavior.
- Retention: Johnny needs to be able to remember the polite behavior observed.
- Reproduction: Johnny needs to be physically able to reproduce the observed behavior.
- Motivation: Johnny needs to have a reason for wanting to imitate the behavior, such as wanting to be praised or avoid punishment.

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Description

Test your understanding of the key differences between classical and instrumental conditioning. This quiz will cover essential concepts and theories that distinguish these two fundamental learning processes in psychology.