Inflammatory Response Quiz (BMS Learning Outcomes)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for rubor (redness) during acute inflammation?

Release of proteolytic enzymes

Increased blood flow due to vasodilation (correct)

Accumulation of white blood cells

Increased oxygen demand in tissues

Which of the following is a component of the classical signs of acute inflammation?

Activation of T-cells

Increased temperature (correct)

Formation of scar tissue

Secretion of antibodies

Which type of exudate is characterized by fluid collection due to burns?

Suppurative exudate

Serous exudate (correct)

Ulcerative exudate

Fibrinous exudate

What is not a factor contributing to increased vascular permeability?

Endothelial repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of opsonization in inflammation?

To mark pathogens for phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which process significantly contributes to the slowing of microcirculation during inflammation?

Transudation of fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of phagocytic cell involved in the inflammatory response?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammatory response is characterized by the formation of purulent material?

Suppurative inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the early vascular events in acute inflammation?

Persistent vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury can lead to increased vascular permeability during inflammation?

Endothelial injury Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines play in inflammation?

They mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about histamines is correct?

Histamines cause vasodilation and increase blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

Which mediators are typically associated with the effects of leukotrienes?

Histamines and prostaglandins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

It can lead to more tissue damage over time. Signup and view all the answers

What are chemokines primarily responsible for?

Acting as chemotactic agents for specific leukocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of chronic inflammation?

Local ischemia or foreign bodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about prostaglandins is true?

They can cause fever and pain during inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

How do endogenous chemical mediators differ from exogenous mediators?

Endogenous mediators come from the body, while exogenous are from outside. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of chronic inflammation regarding tissue appearance?

A more fibrotic appearance of tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do leukotrienes have during inflammation?

They act as chemotactic agents for neutrophils. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classical Signs of Acute Inflammation

Rubor (redness): Caused by blood vessel dilation (vasodilation).
Calor (heat): Resulting from increased blood flow.
Tumor (swelling): Due to fluid leakage into tissues.
Dolor (pain): Triggered by chemical mediators and pressure.
Loss of function: Impaired tissue/organ performance.

Types of Acute Inflammation

Serous inflammation: Fluid-filled blisters (e.g., burns).
Fibrinous inflammation: Fibrin leakage, often seen in cancer.
Suppurative (purulent) inflammation: Pus formation (dead tissue).
Ulcerative inflammation: Break in epithelial surface; can become chronic.

Formation of Exudate

Fluid exudate: Accumulation of fluid due to increased hydrostatic pressure.
Cellular exudate: Leukocytes (especially neutrophils) recruited to the site.

Causes of Acute Inflammation

Vascular events:
- Persistent vasodilation
- Elevated hydrostatic pressure
- Increased vascular permeability (endothelial cell contraction, injury, increased transcytosis, new blood vessel leakage)
- Microcirculation slowing/stasis.

Phagocytosis and Bacterial Killing

Phagocytic cells: Neutrophils (early response), monocytes/macrophages.
Opsonisation: "Markers" on bacteria enhance phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis process: Engulfment and destruction of pathogens/debris.
Enzyme release: Neutrophils/macrophages release proteolytic enzymes (e.g., protease, elastase, collagenase, lipase) to degrade pathogens.

Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation

Exogenous mediators: From pathogens (e.g., endotoxins).
Endogenous mediators: Body-derived (e.g., cytokines, Histamine, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, Chemokines).
- Cytokines: Produced by various cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells), regulating immune/inflammatory reactions (pro-inflammatory & anti-inflammatory effects).
- Histamine: Triggers vasodilation.
- Leukotrienes: Increase vascular permeability; cause vasoconstriction.
- Prostaglandins: Lipid compounds; involved in vascular and systemic reactions (vasodilation, fever, pain), derived from mast cells, macrophages, endothelial cells.
- Chemokines: Small proteins attracting specific types of leukocytes.

Chronic Inflammation

Process: Longer duration, typically with more tissue damage than acute.
Cells: Predominantly lymphocytes.
Appearance: More fibrosis.
Host defense: Unable to effectively clear the insult.
Granuloma formation: Often present.

Contributing Factors to Chronic Inflammation

Local: Ischemia, foreign body, infection.
Systemic: Age, gender, hormones, alcoholism, stress, obesity, nutrition, immune compromise (disease/medication).

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Description

This quiz covers the classical signs of acute inflammation, including redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It also explores different types of acute inflammation such as serous, fibrinous, and suppurative inflammation, as well as the formation and causes of exudate. Test your understanding of these essential concepts in inflammation pathology.