Inflammation and Wound Healing Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which type of exudate is characterized by its watery nature and association with early inflammation?

  • Purulent
  • Fibrinous
  • Serous (correct)
  • Hemorrhagic

    • What is the primary cellular component involved in the dense infiltration characteristic of chronic inflammation?

  • Macrophages and lymphocytes (correct)
  • Eosinophils and mast cells
  • Neutrophils and basophils
  • Platelets and fibroblasts

    • During which phase of wound healing does scar formation primarily occur?

  • Epithelialization
  • Reconstruction
  • Remodeling (correct)
  • Inflammation

    • Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in the body and can cross the placenta?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism behind anaphylaxis?

    <p>IgE cross-linking causing mast cell degranulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a history of severe infections and a known genetic disorder is likely presenting with which type of immune deficiency?

    <p>Primary Deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the immune system attacking the body's own tissues and is exemplified by conditions like lupus?

    <p>Autoimmunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between alloimmunity and autoimmunity?

    <p>Alloimmunity is a response to foreign antigens from another individual, while autoimmunity is a response to self-antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly pairs a type of inflammatory exudate with its characteristic feature?

    <p>Hemorrhagic: Contains pus; bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient's wound is undergoing significant tissue replacement and scar formation. Considering the stages of wound healing, which of the following best describes the process?

    <p>Secondary intention during the remodeling phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with a scar that has become raised and extends beyond the original wound boundaries, this is most consistent with:

    <p>Keloid formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the correct order of appearance for immunoglobulins in an immune response, in terms of when they are first produced?

    <p>IgM, IgG, IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios directly involves IgE cross-linking as its primary mechanism?

    <p>A person having a severe reaction to a bee sting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between a primary and a secondary immune deficiency, based on their underlying causes?

    <p>Primary deficiencies are genetic, and secondary deficiencies are acquired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immune system responses, what is the fundamental difference in the target of the immune response between autoimmunity and alloimmunity?

    <p>Autoimmunity targets self-antigens, while alloimmunity attacks antigens from another individual of the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these would be considered a systemic sign of inflammation?

    <p>Increased plasma protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autosomal recessive inheritance, what is the probability of an offspring being affected if both parents are carriers?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA methylation generally leads to increased gene expression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of cystic fibrosis?

    <p>abnormally thick, dehydrated mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of epigenetics, _______ increases gene expression.

    <p>acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated category:

    <p>Cystic fibrosis = Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Coronary artery disease = Cardiovascular diseases Alzheimer's disease = Neurological disorders Type 2 diabetes = Metabolic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of embryonic stem cells?

    <p>To become any cell type needed for development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genomic imprinting results in genes always being expressed equally regardless of the parental origin

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the inflammatory response?

    <p>Generate memory cells for future infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skin's low temperature and pH contribute to its function as a biochemical barrier.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one component of the first line of defense that helps remove pathogens through mechanical action.

    <p>coughing/sneezing/vomiting/urinating/sloughing of cells/mucus/cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The increased permeability of blood vessels during inflammation is primarily due to the actions of the _______ system.

    <p>kinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immune responses with their descriptions:

    <p>Innate immunity = Natural barriers and inflammatory response Adaptive immunity = Acquired immunity with memory cells First line of defense = Physical and biochemical barriers Second line of defense = Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cellular mediators is a type of granulocyte?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are responsible for recognizing self-antigens on the body's own cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ system directly destroys pathogens and involves antibodies and antigens.

    <p>complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one characteristic of the inflammatory response that differentiates it from adaptive immunity.

    <p>Rapid initiation/no memory cells/</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a benign tumor?

    <p>Invasion of surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T-cells?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is considered a malignant tumor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ADH?

    <p>Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immune process involved in alloimmunity?

    <p>Reaction against beneficial foreign tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most important plasma buffering systems are carbonic acid-bicarbonate and ______.

    <p>hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the buffering system with its primary mechanism:

    <p>Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffering = Regulates pH through CO₂ and bicarbonate levels Protein Buffering = Neutralizes pH changes using intracellular proteins Respiratory Buffering = Manages CO₂ levels through ventilation Renal Buffering = Secretes hydrogen ions and reabsorbs bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A characteristic feature of chronic inflammation is the formation of ______.

    <p>granuloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of immunity with its correct description:

    <p>Active Immunity = Antibodies produced after exposure to an antigen Passive Immunity = Transfer of preformed antibodies from a donor Autoimmunity = Immune attack on self antigens Alloimmunity = Reaction against beneficial foreign tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of acute inflammation?

    <p>Prevents and limits infection and further damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A secondary immune deficiency is a genetic disorder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one condition or factor that can cause delayed wound healing.

    <p>Ischemia, hemorrhage, infection, hypovolemia, malnutrition, excessive scar formation, medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by ______.

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most favorable outcome of inflammation?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment for hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is characterized by excess sodium in the extracellular fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?

    <p>CO₂ retention from hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient experiencing muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis may be suffering from a severe case of ______.

    <p>hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the cause of hypernatremia?

    <p>Sodium gain or water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a loss of bicarbonate or acid gain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary treatments for hyponatremia?

    <p>Restriction of free water and hypertonic saline solution if severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory alkalosis is caused by a loss of ______, due to excessive ventilation.

    <p>CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of water deficit dehydration?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following acid-base imbalances with their causes:

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis = CO₂ retention from hypoventilation Respiratory Alkalosis = CO₂ loss from hyperventilation Metabolic Acidosis = Bicarbonate loss or acid gain Metabolic Alkalosis = Bicarbonate gain or acid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation

    • Local Signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
    • Systemic Signs: Fever, leukocytosis, increased plasma protein synthesis
    • Exudate Types:
      • Serous: Watery; early inflammation
      • Fibrinous: Thick, clotted; advanced inflammation
      • Purulent: Pus; bacterial infection
      • Hemorrhagic: Contains blood; indicates bleeding

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Duration: Lasts 2 weeks or longer
    • Causes: Unsuccessful acute inflammatory response, microorganisms, toxins, irritants, ischemia, mechanical damage, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, radiation
    • Characteristics: Dense infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, granuloma formation

    Wound Healing

    • Stages: Inflammation (cleans wound), reconstruction (begins 3-4 days post-injury, lasts 2 weeks), remodeling (scar formation over several weeks to years)
    • Types:
      • Primary Intention: Minimal tissue loss
      • Secondary Intention: Significant tissue replacement; scar formation
    • Dysfunctions: Causes: Ischemia, hemorrhage, hypovolemia, infection, malnutrition, medications; Results: Keloids, contractures, dehiscence

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Characteristics: Recognizes foreign substances, provides long-term protection, has memory
    • Key Components:
      • T and B cells:
        • T cells: Cellular immunity
        • B cells: Humoral immunity
      • Antibodies (Immunoglobulins):
        • IgG: Most abundant; crosses placenta
        • IgA: Found in body secretions
        • IgM: First responder
        • IgE: Involved in allergies and parasitic infections

    Anaphylaxis

    • Definition: Severe allergic reaction caused by IgE cross-linking
    • Severity: Depends on sensitivity
    • Possible triggers: Bee stings, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, and others
    • Symptoms: Itching, bronchoconstriction, laryngeal edema, vomiting, vascular collapse, erythema, headaches

    Immune Deficiency

    • Clinical signs: Recurrent, severe infections
    • Types:
      • Primary Deficiency: Genetic (e.g., SCID)
      • Secondary Deficiency: Acquired (e.g., HIV/AIDS)

    Autoimmunity vs. Alloimmunity

    • Autoimmunity: Immune system attacks self (e.g., lupus, SLE - Chronic multisystem disease of autoantibodies); characterized by breakdown of tolerance where the body’s immune system recognizes self-antigens as foreign and attacks itself
    • Alloimmunity: Reaction to foreign tissues (e.g., transplant rejection, Rh system and Graft Reaction); individuals immune system reacting against antigens on the tissues of another human/species

    Microbiome Functions

    • Pathogen Prevention: Prevents colonization by pathogens
    • Homeostasis Maintenance: Produces biochemical substances
    • Composition: Commensal bacteria and fungi

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    NURS 5350 Inflammation, Immunity, and Wound Healing PDF

    Description

    Explore the key concepts of inflammation and wound healing in this quiz. Understand local and systemic signs of inflammation, the types of exudate, and the stages of wound healing with their characteristics. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of these critical processes in the body.

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