Inflammation and Wound Healing Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which type of exudate is characterized by its watery nature and association with early inflammation?

  • Purulent
  • Fibrinous
  • Serous (correct)
  • Hemorrhagic

What is the primary cellular component involved in the dense infiltration characteristic of chronic inflammation?

  • Macrophages and lymphocytes (correct)
  • Eosinophils and mast cells
  • Neutrophils and basophils
  • Platelets and fibroblasts

During which phase of wound healing does scar formation primarily occur?

  • Epithelialization
  • Reconstruction
  • Remodeling (correct)
  • Inflammation

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in the body and can cross the placenta?

<p>IgG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind anaphylaxis?

<p>IgE cross-linking causing mast cell degranulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a history of severe infections and a known genetic disorder is likely presenting with which type of immune deficiency?

<p>Primary Deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the immune system attacking the body's own tissues and is exemplified by conditions like lupus?

<p>Autoimmunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between alloimmunity and autoimmunity?

<p>Alloimmunity is a response to foreign antigens from another individual, while autoimmunity is a response to self-antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly pairs a type of inflammatory exudate with its characteristic feature?

<p>Hemorrhagic: Contains pus; bacterial infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient's wound is undergoing significant tissue replacement and scar formation. Considering the stages of wound healing, which of the following best describes the process?

<p>Secondary intention during the remodeling phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a scar that has become raised and extends beyond the original wound boundaries, this is most consistent with:

<p>Keloid formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct order of appearance for immunoglobulins in an immune response, in terms of when they are first produced?

<p>IgM, IgG, IgA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios directly involves IgE cross-linking as its primary mechanism?

<p>A person having a severe reaction to a bee sting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between a primary and a secondary immune deficiency, based on their underlying causes?

<p>Primary deficiencies are genetic, and secondary deficiencies are acquired. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immune system responses, what is the fundamental difference in the target of the immune response between autoimmunity and alloimmunity?

<p>Autoimmunity targets self-antigens, while alloimmunity attacks antigens from another individual of the same species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these would be considered a systemic sign of inflammation?

<p>Increased plasma protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In autosomal recessive inheritance, what is the probability of an offspring being affected if both parents are carriers?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA methylation generally leads to increased gene expression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of cystic fibrosis?

<p>abnormally thick, dehydrated mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of epigenetics, _______ increases gene expression.

<p>acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their associated category:

<p>Cystic fibrosis = Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Coronary artery disease = Cardiovascular diseases Alzheimer's disease = Neurological disorders Type 2 diabetes = Metabolic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of embryonic stem cells?

<p>To become any cell type needed for development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genomic imprinting results in genes always being expressed equally regardless of the parental origin

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the inflammatory response?

<p>Generate memory cells for future infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skin's low temperature and pH contribute to its function as a biochemical barrier.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one component of the first line of defense that helps remove pathogens through mechanical action.

<p>coughing/sneezing/vomiting/urinating/sloughing of cells/mucus/cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The increased permeability of blood vessels during inflammation is primarily due to the actions of the _______ system.

<p>kinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immune responses with their descriptions:

<p>Innate immunity = Natural barriers and inflammatory response Adaptive immunity = Acquired immunity with memory cells First line of defense = Physical and biochemical barriers Second line of defense = Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cellular mediators is a type of granulocyte?

<p>Neutrophil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are responsible for recognizing self-antigens on the body's own cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ system directly destroys pathogens and involves antibodies and antigens.

<p>complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one characteristic of the inflammatory response that differentiates it from adaptive immunity.

<p>Rapid initiation/no memory cells/</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a benign tumor?

<p>Invasion of surrounding tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T-cells?

<p>Type IV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is considered a malignant tumor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ADH?

<p>Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immune process involved in alloimmunity?

<p>Reaction against beneficial foreign tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most important plasma buffering systems are carbonic acid-bicarbonate and ______.

<p>hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the buffering system with its primary mechanism:

<p>Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffering = Regulates pH through COâ‚‚ and bicarbonate levels Protein Buffering = Neutralizes pH changes using intracellular proteins Respiratory Buffering = Manages COâ‚‚ levels through ventilation Renal Buffering = Secretes hydrogen ions and reabsorbs bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

A characteristic feature of chronic inflammation is the formation of ______.

<p>granuloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of immunity with its correct description:

<p>Active Immunity = Antibodies produced after exposure to an antigen Passive Immunity = Transfer of preformed antibodies from a donor Autoimmunity = Immune attack on self antigens Alloimmunity = Reaction against beneficial foreign tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of acute inflammation?

<p>Prevents and limits infection and further damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A secondary immune deficiency is a genetic disorder.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one condition or factor that can cause delayed wound healing.

<p>Ischemia, hemorrhage, infection, hypovolemia, malnutrition, excessive scar formation, medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by ______.

<p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most favorable outcome of inflammation?

<p>Regeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment for hyperkalemia?

<p>Calcium gluconate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyponatremia is characterized by excess sodium in the extracellular fluid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?

<p>COâ‚‚ retention from hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiencing muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis may be suffering from a severe case of ______.

<p>hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the cause of hypernatremia?

<p>Sodium gain or water loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a loss of bicarbonate or acid gain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary treatments for hyponatremia?

<p>Restriction of free water and hypertonic saline solution if severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by a loss of ______, due to excessive ventilation.

<p>COâ‚‚</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of water deficit dehydration?

<p>Increased blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acid-base imbalances with their causes:

<p>Respiratory Acidosis = COâ‚‚ retention from hypoventilation Respiratory Alkalosis = COâ‚‚ loss from hyperventilation Metabolic Acidosis = Bicarbonate loss or acid gain Metabolic Alkalosis = Bicarbonate gain or acid loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation

Characterized by dense infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, often leading to granuloma formation.

Anaphylaxis

A severe allergic reaction triggered by IgE cross-linking, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage.

Purulent Exudate

Inflammation characterized by the presence of pus, usually caused by bacterial infection.

Autoimmunity

Immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, as if they were foreign invaders.

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Alloimmunity

The body's immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of another individual or species, such as in transplant rejection.

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Secondary Intention

A type of wound healing that involves significant tissue replacement and typically results in scar formation.

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Reconstruction Phase

The phase of wound healing characterized by tissue regeneration and new blood vessel formation, occurring 3-4 days post-injury.

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Primary Intention

A type of wound healing that occurs with minimal tissue loss, leading to faster healing and less scarring.

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What is autoimmunity?

This occurs when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, mistakenly identifying them as foreign invaders. It can affect various organs and cause inflammation and damage.

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What is the inflammation stage of wound healing?

This is the initial phase of wound healing, characterized by the removal of debris and pathogens by immune cells, preparing the wound for repair.

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What is fibrinous exudate?

This type of exudate, characterized by thick, clotted fluid, signifies advanced inflammation and often indicates a more severe inflammatory response.

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What is secondary intention wound healing?

This type of wound healing involves significant tissue loss and requires more extensive repair, often resulting in scar formation.

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What is the function of IgA?

This immunoglobulin is often present in body secretions such as saliva and tears, acting as the first line of defense against pathogens in these areas.

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What is secondary immune deficiency?

This type of immune deficiency is acquired, often due to factors like infections or medications, leading to a weakened immune response.

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What is alloimmunity?

This refers to the body's reaction against foreign tissues, such as in transplant rejection, where the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as non-self.

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What are recurrent, severe infections?

These are the hallmark of immune deficiency, indicating a compromised immune system and increased susceptibility to infections.

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Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance where both parents must carry one copy of a gene mutation for their child to be affected.

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Cystic Fibrosis

A disorder characterized by abnormally thick mucus due to a salt imbalance, affecting the lungs and pancreas. Affected individuals rarely live past 40 years old.

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Epigenetics

Alterations in DNA that can influence gene expression, causing a range of diseases and phenotypic variations.

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DNA Methylation

The addition of a methyl group to DNA, often silencing gene expression. It has a key role in cancer development by silencing tumor suppressor genes.

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Histone Modification

Changes in the interaction between DNA and histones, impacting the accessibility of genes. Acetylation increases gene expression, while deacetylation decreases it.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

Small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression after transcription, impacting signaling pathways and contributing to cancer development.

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Genomic Imprinting

A process where genes are predictably silenced, often through heavy methylation. It is crucial for normal development and can lead to diseases like Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes.

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Innate Immunity

The body's built-in defenses, including physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as the inflammatory response.

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Inflammation

A complex process triggered by tissue injury, involving dilation of blood vessels, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of white blood cells to the site of injury.

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Complement System

A cascade of plasma proteins that plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity, directly destroying pathogens and enhancing the inflammatory response.

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Clotting System

A group of proteins that form a mesh-like structure at the site of injury, stopping bleeding and preventing the spread of infection.

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Kinin System

A system of proteins that activate inflammatory cells, causing blood vessel dilation and increased permeability, leading to the delivery of immune cells and fluids to the injury site.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

These receptors on immune cells recognize specific patterns on pathogens, triggering an immune response.

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Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A type of PRR that recognizes specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns, triggering an immune response.

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Complement Receptors

A type of PRR that binds to complement proteins on pathogens, triggering phagocytosis by immune cells.

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Scavenger Receptors

A type of PRR that binds to a variety of molecules on bacteria and other pathogens, triggering phagocytosis.

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Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels in the blood, leading to decreased muscle excitability, weakness, and cardiac abnormalities.

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Hyperkalemia

High potassium levels in the blood, causing muscle weakness, paralysis, and potentially life-threatening heart problems.

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Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels in the blood, often due to excess water intake, leading to brain swelling and potentially life-threatening complications.

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Hypernatremia

High sodium levels in the blood, typically caused by dehydration or excessive sodium intake, leading to cellular dehydration and neurological problems.

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Respiratory Acidosis

A condition where the body cannot remove enough COâ‚‚ from the blood, leading to an acidic pH.

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Respiratory Alkalosis

A condition where the body loses too much COâ‚‚ from the blood, leading to an alkaline pH.

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Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where the body loses too much bicarbonate or gains too much acid, leading to an acidic pH.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition where the body gains too much bicarbonate or loses too much acid, leading to an alkaline pH.

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Active Immunity

A type of immunity where the body produces its own antibodies or T cells in response to exposure to an antigen (e.g., infection or vaccination). This type of immunity is usually long-lasting.

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Passive Immunity

A type of immunity where pre-made antibodies or T cells are transferred from a donor to a recipient (e.g., mother to fetus or through antibody injections). This protection is temporary.

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Resolution Regeneration

The most favorable outcome of inflammation, where damaged tissue is replaced with healthy tissue of the original type. This is only possible when there is limited damage.

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Repair (Scar Tissue Formation)

Replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, which is less flexible and has less stretch than the original tissue. This occurs when there is extensive damage.

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Inflammation Stage of Wound Healing

The first phase of wound healing, where the body clears debris, bacteria, and damaged tissue to prepare for repair. It involves blood clotting and the recruitment of immune cells.

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Causes of Delayed Wound Healing

Any factor that delays the normal process of wound healing, including infection, ischemia (lack of blood flow), malnutrition, medications, and excessive scar formation.

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Primary Intention Wound Healing

A type of wound healing that involves little tissue loss, allowing for quick healing and minimal scarring. The wound edges are simply brought together.

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What is the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffering System?

The process where the body's pH is maintained within a narrow range, primarily through the interaction of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood.

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What is ADH?

A hormone released from the pituitary gland, which promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine and increased blood volume.

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What triggers ADH release?

The change in blood volume or composition that triggers ADH release. Examples are high solute concentration (plasma osmolality) and low blood volume.

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What are the effects of hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia?

Conditions like hyperaldosteronism (excess aldosterone) and hypokalemia (low potassium) that can lead to imbalances in sodium and potassium, affecting fluid and pH balance.

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What is a benign tumor?

A type of tumor that grows slowly, is well-defined, and doesn't spread to other parts of the body.

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Study Notes

Inflammation

  • Local Signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
  • Systemic Signs: Fever, leukocytosis, increased plasma protein synthesis
  • Exudate Types:
    • Serous: Watery; early inflammation
    • Fibrinous: Thick, clotted; advanced inflammation
    • Purulent: Pus; bacterial infection
    • Hemorrhagic: Contains blood; indicates bleeding

Chronic Inflammation

  • Duration: Lasts 2 weeks or longer
  • Causes: Unsuccessful acute inflammatory response, microorganisms, toxins, irritants, ischemia, mechanical damage, nutrient deprivation, temperature extremes, radiation
  • Characteristics: Dense infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, granuloma formation

Wound Healing

  • Stages: Inflammation (cleans wound), reconstruction (begins 3-4 days post-injury, lasts 2 weeks), remodeling (scar formation over several weeks to years)
  • Types:
    • Primary Intention: Minimal tissue loss
    • Secondary Intention: Significant tissue replacement; scar formation
  • Dysfunctions: Causes: Ischemia, hemorrhage, hypovolemia, infection, malnutrition, medications; Results: Keloids, contractures, dehiscence

Adaptive Immunity

  • Characteristics: Recognizes foreign substances, provides long-term protection, has memory
  • Key Components:
    • T and B cells:
      • T cells: Cellular immunity
      • B cells: Humoral immunity
    • Antibodies (Immunoglobulins):
      • IgG: Most abundant; crosses placenta
      • IgA: Found in body secretions
      • IgM: First responder
      • IgE: Involved in allergies and parasitic infections

Anaphylaxis

  • Definition: Severe allergic reaction caused by IgE cross-linking
  • Severity: Depends on sensitivity
  • Possible triggers: Bee stings, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, and others
  • Symptoms: Itching, bronchoconstriction, laryngeal edema, vomiting, vascular collapse, erythema, headaches

Immune Deficiency

  • Clinical signs: Recurrent, severe infections
  • Types:
    • Primary Deficiency: Genetic (e.g., SCID)
    • Secondary Deficiency: Acquired (e.g., HIV/AIDS)

Autoimmunity vs. Alloimmunity

  • Autoimmunity: Immune system attacks self (e.g., lupus, SLE - Chronic multisystem disease of autoantibodies); characterized by breakdown of tolerance where the body’s immune system recognizes self-antigens as foreign and attacks itself
  • Alloimmunity: Reaction to foreign tissues (e.g., transplant rejection, Rh system and Graft Reaction); individuals immune system reacting against antigens on the tissues of another human/species

Microbiome Functions

  • Pathogen Prevention: Prevents colonization by pathogens
  • Homeostasis Maintenance: Produces biochemical substances
  • Composition: Commensal bacteria and fungi

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NURS 5350 Inflammation, Immunity, and Wound Healing PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of inflammation and wound healing in this quiz. Understand local and systemic signs of inflammation, the types of exudate, and the stages of wound healing with their characteristics. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of these critical processes in the body.

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