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Questions and Answers

What is the "Hawthorne effect"?

  • The tendency of workers to perform better when they are given special attention. (correct)
  • A theory that suggests workers have a hierarchy of needs.
  • A theory that explains the relationship between management and employee productivity.
  • A management style that focuses on employee needs.

According to Maslow's theory, what is the highest need on the hierarchy?

  • Safety needs
  • Esteem needs
  • Self-actualization needs (correct)
  • Social needs

What is the "deficit principle" as it relates to Maslow's theory?

  • People are motivated by unsatisfied needs. (correct)
  • Employees are more productive when managed with a Theory Y approach.
  • Needs are satisfied in a specific order.
  • Employees are always motivated by financial rewards.

What is the core difference between Theory X and Theory Y?

<p>Theory X emphasizes control and supervision, while Theory Y emphasizes self-direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Argyris' theory, what is a potential consequence of mismatching management practices with adult needs?

<p>Alienation, absenteeism, and low morale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following management practices is likely to be most effective according to the theories discussed in the text?

<p>Fostering a collaborative work environment and providing opportunities for growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key principle of Maslow's theory of human needs?

<p>Employees should be treated as responsible adults capable of self-direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of management theories?

<p>When a manager's expectations of employees lead to those employees behaving in accordance with those expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Fayol's five key management principles aligns with the contemporary management function of 'planning'?

<p>Foresight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of bureaucratic organization ensures resources are used efficiently?

<p>Clear division of labor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Weber, what is the ideal organizational form?

<p>Bureaucratic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assumption shared by the classical approaches to management, such as scientific management, administrative principles, and bureaucratic organization?

<p>People are rational actors who are driven by economic self-interest and seek to maximize their monetary gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these contemporary management functions is MOST closely aligned with Fayol's principle of 'command'?

<p>Leading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Taylor's scientific management principles, what is the primary goal of developing a science for each aspect of work?

<p>To standardize work processes and tools to improve efficiency and productivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of bureaucratic organization that promotes fairness?

<p>Impersonality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between behavioral and traditional approaches to management?

<p>Behavioral approaches consider individuals as social and self-actualizing beings, while traditional approaches view them as rational economic actors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key principle of scientific management, as outlined by Taylor?

<p>Workers should be paid based on their individual output, with higher compensation for greater productivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of bureaucratic organization?

<p>Flexibility and adaptability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Taylor's scientific management approach?

<p>Scientific management emphasizes collaboration and teamwork over individual performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the classical and behavioral management schools of thought?

<p>The behavioral school emphasizes the social and psychological needs of workers, while the classical school focuses on efficiency and productivity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of bureaucratic organizations?

<p>They can be slow to adapt to change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to study management history?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of understanding management history?

<p>Creating a more equitable and ethical workplace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement "those who are ignorant of history are doomed to repeat it" in the context of management?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key takeaway from Mary Parker Follet's 'Organizations as Communities' approach?

<p>Organizations should foster a sense of community and collaboration, where all stakeholders work together towards common goals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Hawthorne studies contribute to our understanding of organizational behavior?

<p>They highlighted the significant role of social and psychological factors in influencing employee behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a practical example of how the principles of the Hawthorne studies can be applied in a modern workplace?

<p>Providing regular feedback and recognition to employees, acknowledging their contributions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the concept of 'Organizations as Communities' be exemplified in modern employee-centric companies like Google?

<p>By focusing solely on maximizing profit margins, regardless of employee well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the 'Organizations as Communities' approach?

<p>That it leads to a decrease in productivity due to a lack of clear hierarchy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of applying the 'Organizations as Communities' principles in a workplace?

<p>A decrease in overall organizational productivity due to a lack of clear direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the behavioral approach to management?

<p>Understanding individual and group behavior within organizations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mary Parker Follett, what is the ideal organizational structure?

<p>A community where workers collaborate and share responsibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of the Hawthorne Studies?

<p>Social factors play a significant role in worker productivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principle of bureaucracy as described in the content?

<p>Emphasis on individual creativity and innovation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Spaulding's 8 necessities of management?

<p>Respect for individuals and a focus on community. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following management approaches emphasizes the role of employee motivation and needs?

<p>Behavioral Management. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is associated with the concept of 'organizations as communities'?

<p>Mary Parker Follett. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principle of Spaulding's 8 necessities of management?

<p>Profit maximization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a core focus of 'Scientific Management'?

<p>Improving the efficiency and productivity of workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT one of the four guiding principles of Scientific Management?

<p>Promote worker autonomy and decision-making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the objective of 'Motion Study' as applied in Scientific Management?

<p>Analyzing workers' physical movements to optimize work efficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five primary management rules or duties identified by Henri Fayol?

<p>Foresight, organization, command, coordination, and control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of a bureaucratic organization according to Weber?

<p>A focus on employee well-being and personal growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying principle of a bureaucratic organization?

<p>Efficiency and productivity through established rules and hierarchy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management approach emphasizes a scientific approach to studying and optimizing work processes?

<p>Scientific management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a management function supported by the five rules of Administrative Principles?

<p>Negotiating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

New Industrial Revolution

A period of technological and social uncertainties with new opportunities.

Scientific Management

Management approach focusing on maximizing employer and employee prosperity.

Time Study

Analysis of motions and tasks to find efficient job performance methods.

Four Principles of Scientific Management

Guidelines to improve worker efficiency and productivity.

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Henri Fayol

Management theorist known for defining five rules of management.

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Five Rules of Management

Foresight, Organization, Command, Coordination, and Control.

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Bureaucracy

An organizational structure defined by logic, order, and authority.

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Division of Labour

Clear job definitions leading to high skill levels among workers.

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Hawthorne effect

The tendency of workers to perform better when singled out for special attention.

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory describing the order of human needs from basic to self-fulfillment.

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Deficit principle

A satisfied need does not motivate behavior according to Maslow's theory.

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Progression principle

People satisfy their needs in a step-by-step sequence.

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Theory X

Belief that employees dislike work and are unambitious.

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Theory Y

Belief that employees are responsible and willing to work hard.

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Argyris' theory on adult personality

Contrasts traditional management practices with adult needs and capabilities.

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Self-actualization needs

The need for personal growth and fulfilling one’s potential.

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Foresight

The ability to anticipate future needs and set goals.

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Coordination

Aligning diverse methods to ensure effective teamwork.

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Organization

Providing resources and implementing plans effectively.

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Command

Leading, selecting, and evaluating workers to achieve plans.

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Controlling

Measuring performance and adjusting actions to meet goals.

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Planning

Setting objectives and determining necessary actions.

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Bureaucratic Organization

A structured system based on logic, rules, and authority.

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Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Defined by labor division, authority hierarchy, and formal procedures.

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Hierarchy of Authority

A system where each position reports to a higher level with clear responsibilities.

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Formal Rules and Procedures

Written guidelines that direct behaviour and decision-making within an organization.

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Impersonality

The application of rules uniformly without preferential treatment.

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Merit-based Careers

Promotion and hiring based on ability, competency, and performance.

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Behavioral Management

An approach focusing on social relationships and personal fulfillment in the workplace.

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Hawthorne Studies

Research that indicated worker productivity is affected by social settings rather than just conditions.

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Follett's Organizations as Communities

Perspective that emphasizes respect for workers and collaboration in organizations.

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Spaulding's 8 Necessities

A list of management necessities emphasizing respect and cooperation among workers.

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Hypothesis

A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

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Classical Management

Management theory assuming people are rational and motivated by self-interest.

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Taylor's Principles

Four key principles for scientific management: develop a science for work, select workers, train them, and support them.

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Result-based Compensation

Compensation determined by performance and results achieved.

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Administrative Principles

Management theory proposing that management is a process that can be formally taught and applied.

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Historical Study of Management

The practice of studying management history to avoid past mistakes and apply successful ideas.

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Organizations as Communities

The idea that organizations function like communities where individuals work together for common goals.

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Follett's Approach

Mary Parker Follett believed managers and workers should cooperate as a community, not with domination.

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Employee Ownership

A concept where every employee feels a sense of ownership towards their work, leading to responsibility.

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Job Interviews and Social Influence

Interviews are influenced by social dynamics, affecting both candidate and interviewer behavior.

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Employee-Centered Companies

Organizations that focus on the well-being and input of employees to enhance productivity.

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Managerial Ethics

The responsibility of managers to act ethically and consider the impact of their decisions on others.

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Study Notes

Classical Management Approaches

  • Management is focused on three main classical approaches: scientific management, administrative principles, and bureaucratic organization.

Scientific Management

  • Frederick Taylor, considered the father of scientific management, believed maximizing employer and employee prosperity should be the primary goal.
  • Taylor observed inefficiencies in worker motions and lack of consistent approaches, resulting in low productivity.
  • His solution involved supervisors guiding workers in efficient motions and tasks.
  • Taylor's "time study" analyzed job motions to find the most efficient ways to perform tasks.
  • Four guiding principles of scientific management:
    • Develop a "science" of work, including standardized tools and proper working conditions.
    • Carefully select workers with the right abilities.
    • Carefully train workers to do the job efficiently.
    • Give workers incentives to cooperate with the "science" of their work.
  • Motion study is the science of reducing a job into its basic physical motions.

Administrative Principles

  • Henri Fayol identified five rules, or duties, of management to aid the four functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
  • Rules include:
    • Foresight: planning actions for the future
    • Organization: providing and mobilizing resources to implement the plan.
    • Command: leading, selecting, and assessing workers' performance toward the plan.
    • Coordination: fitting diverse efforts together, ensuring information sharing, and resolving issues.

Bureaucratic Organization

  • Max Weber believed in a logical, ordered system of legitimate authority for effective organizations.
  • Key characteristics of bureaucracy:
    • Clear division of labor: jobs and tasks are clearly defined.
    • Clear hierarchy of authority: workers report to higher-level positions.
    • Formal rules and procedures: written guidelines for decision-making and behavior.
    • Impersonality: rules should be applied uniformly without bias.
    • Careers based on merit: workers are selected, advanced, and retained based on ability.
  • Weber believed bureaucracy achieves efficiency, precision, stability, and discipline.

Behavioral Management Approaches

  • Behavioral approaches emphasize that people enjoy social relationships, act upon group pressures, and seek personal fulfillment.
  • Organizational behavior studies individuals and groups in organizations.
  • Key approaches include:
    • Follet's vision of organizations as communities, emphasizing worker cooperation and respect.
    • Hawthorne studies: highlighting how social factors affect worker productivity.
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs: recognizing that people are motivated by a progression of physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
    • McGregor's Theory X and Y: contrasting management assumptions about worker motivation.
    • Argyris's theory of adult personality: contrasting principles of classical management to mature adult needs.

Modern Management Foundations

  • Modern management emphasizes quantitative analysis, systems thinking, contingency thinking, and evidence-based management.
  • Quantitative analysis: uses analysis to find optimal solutions to problems.
  • Systems thinking: views organizations as interconnected parts working together toward a common goal.
  • Contingency thinking: recognizing that there's no one-solution fits all approach.
  • Evidence-based management: Making decisions based on credible research data and insights from experts.

Additional Information

  • Hawthorne effect is the increase in worker performance when they know they're being monitored.
  • Importance of psychological and social factors in influencing workplace behavior.

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