Management Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the classical approach to management?

The classical approach emphasizes rationality and efficiency in organizations and workers.

How did Adam Smith contribute to the concept of division of labor?

Adam Smith argued that the division of labor increases productivity and offers economic advantages.

What were the two major theories within the classical approach to management?

The two major theories are scientific management and general administrative theory.

What was the outcome of Taylor's pig iron experiment?

<p>The experiment resulted in nearly a fourfold increase in the daily average output of workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key principles of Taylor's Scientific Management?

<p>The principles include developing a scientific approach to work, selecting and training workers properly, and cooperating with them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on management?

<p>The Industrial Revolution facilitated the creation of large factories and increased the demand for managers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were significant contributors to the scientific management theory besides Taylor?

<p>Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and Henry Gantt were notable contributors to scientific management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of modern management, how are scientific management principles still relevant?

<p>Many companies continue to incorporate elements of scientific management to improve efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption of Theory Y regarding workers?

<p>Theory Y assumes that workers are self-motivated and seek to contribute positively to the organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the quantitative approach evolve, and what is its main focus?

<p>The quantitative approach evolved from mathematical and statistical solutions developed for military problems during World War II, focusing on using quantitative techniques to enhance decision making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the difference between open and closed systems according to the systems approach.

<p>Open systems interact with their external environment, while closed systems do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the contingency approach suggest about management styles?

<p>The contingency approach suggests that management styles should vary depending on different organizational situations and variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Frederick Taylor make to management theory?

<p>Frederick Taylor introduced scientific methods for selecting the best worker for each position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Gantt's notable contribution to management practices?

<p>Gantt developed the Gantt chart, a tool for planning and improving efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Hawthorne studies influence management practices?

<p>The Hawthorne studies highlighted the importance of managers supporting their subordinates to improve coordination and efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of organizations did Mary Parker Follett emphasize in her contributions?

<p>Mary Parker Follett emphasized the human side of organizations, advocating for worker participation in decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the Gilbreths in studying hand-and-body motions?

<p>To eliminate inefficient motions, increase productivity, and reduce fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therblig?

<p>A classification scheme devised by the Gilbreths to label basic hand motions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Gantt chart visually represent?

<p>Planned and actual output over time in a bar graph format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many functions of management did Fayol identify?

<p>Five functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes that employees should receive orders from only one superior?

<p>Unity of command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an ideal type of bureaucracy according to Max Weber?

<p>Division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, formal rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Münsterberg's contribution to the field of industrial psychology?

<p>He studied how emotional, mental, and motivational elements affect worker efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept did Chester Barnard introduce regarding authority?

<p>The acceptance theory of authority, which emphasizes the importance of employees' acceptance of authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an unexpected finding from the Hawthorne studies?

<p>The awareness of being observed altered the behavior of workers, affecting productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates the Theory X management style?

<p>The assumption that workers are lazy and avoid responsibility, requiring close supervision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the human relations movement emerged from the Hawthorne studies?

<p>To promote behavioral training for supervisors to manage employee relationships positively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Fayol's principle of equity in management?

<p>Managers should treat their subordinates fairly and with kindness to foster a positive work environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of 'order' important in Fayol's principles?

<p>It states that people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the human relations perspective emphasize regarding group processes?

<p>It focuses on individual attitudes and behaviours, along with the dynamics of group interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the classical approach to management?

The classical approach to management focuses on maximizing efficiency and effectiveness by utilizing scientific methods and principles.

What is the division of labor?

Division of labor means breaking down complex jobs into smaller, more specific tasks, leading to increased specialization and productivity.

How did the Industrial Revolution influence management?

The Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing with new technologies like machine power, leading to the growth of large factories and the need for professional managers.

What is scientific management?

Scientific management aims to find the most efficient way to perform a job by scientifically analyzing and optimizing each step of the process.

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Who was Frederick W. Taylor and what did he do?

Frederick W. Taylor, a pioneer of scientific management, developed methods to increase worker efficiency by studying tasks, selecting the right people, providing training, and using incentives.

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What was Taylor's pig iron experiment?

Taylor's pig iron experiment demonstrated that by scientifically analyzing the job and optimizing the process, worker productivity increased dramatically.

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What are Taylor's scientific management principles?

Taylor's scientific management principles focus on developing a science for each job, selecting and training workers, cooperating with workers, and dividing work and responsibility between management and workers.

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Who were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, known for their contributions to scientific management theory, focused on methods to reduce wasted motion and fatigue for improved efficiency.

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What is a Gantt chart?

A scheduling chart showing planned and actual output over time, visually comparing projected tasks with actual progress.

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What are Gilbreth's time and motion studies?

A method for studying work by eliminating wasteful motions to boost productivity and lessen fatigue.

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What is a micro-chronometer?

A device used by the Gilbreths to record workers' motions and the time spent on them.

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What are therbligs?

A system of labels for basic hand motions devised by the Gilbreths.

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What are the five functions of management according to Fayol?

The five core functions managers perform: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.

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What are Fayol's 14 Principles of Management?

A set of fundamental rules applied to all organizations, guiding managerial practices.

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What is unity of command in management?

The idea that workers should only receive orders from one superior.

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What is unity of direction in management?

The concept that the organization should have a single plan of action to guide everyone.

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What is a bureaucracy?

An ideal organizational structure characterized by division of labor, hierarchy, formal rules, and impersonal relationships.

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What is the behavioral approach in management?

A management approach that emphasizes individual attitudes, behaviors, and group processes at work.

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What is the human relations perspective in management?

A type of management that focuses on the 'human side' of organizations, valuing worker participation and shared goals.

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What are the Hawthorne studies?

The famous studies conducted at Western Electric Company that revealed the impact of worker attitudes on performance.

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What is the Hawthorne effect?

The idea that worker awareness of being observed changes their behavior, influencing productivity.

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What is Theory X in management?

A set of negative assumptions about workers, suggesting they are lazy and avoid responsibility.

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What is Theory Y in management?

A set of positive assumptions about workers, suggesting they are motivated and capable of self-direction.

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Theory Y

A set of optimistic assumptions about workers, suggesting they inherently enjoy their work and are committed to organizational success. Managers facilitate this by creating environments that encourage initiative and self-direction.

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Quantitative Approach

A management approach that utilizes quantitative techniques such as statistics, optimization models, and linear programming to improve decision-making. It is often applied to areas like resource allocation, inventory control, and quality management.

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Systems Approach

Views an organization as an interconnected system that interacts with its external environment. This approach emphasizes how decisions and actions in one area affect other parts of the organization.

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Contingency Approach

Recognizes that organizations are diverse and face varied situations, requiring different management styles. The most effective approach depends on specific factors, like organizational size or environmental uncertainty.

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Scientific Management (Taylor)

Scientific management principles based on the idea of carefully selecting and training workers for specific tasks. It aimed to optimize efficiency by breaking down work into smaller, standardized steps.

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Motion Study (Gilbreth)

Studied worker movements with cameras to reduce unnecessary motions and increase productivity. Focused on optimizing workflows and ergonomics.

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Gantt Chart (Gantt)

Developed the Gantt chart, a visual tool for project planning and scheduling, designed to improve efficiency and coordination of tasks.

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Principles of Management (Fayol)

Proposed Fourteen Principles of Management, encompassing areas like division of work, unity of command, and esprit de corps. This provided a framework for effective management in organizations.

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Study Notes

Classical Approach to Management

  • Early management existed for millennia, exemplified by projects like the Egyptian Pyramids and Great Wall of China.
  • Modern management emerged from the division of labor, advocated by Adam Smith, and the Industrial Revolution. Machine power and division of labor created large factories, demanding more managers.

Scientific Management

  • Aims to optimize efficiency through scientific methods.
  • Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered scientific management, analyzing jobs to find the "one best way."
  • Taylor's pig iron experiment demonstrated increased productivity by selecting the right person, tools, and incentives.
  • Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management:
    • Replace rule-of-thumb with scientific methods.
    • Scientifically select, train, teach, and develop each worker.
    • Close cooperation between management and workers.
    • Equal division of work and responsibility.
  • Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contributed significantly, observing motions to improve productivity and reduce fatigue. They used motion picture films for this purpose, developed the micro-chronometer, and developed Therbligs (hand motions).
  • Henry Gantt developed techniques like the Gantt chart.
  • Gantt chart: A visual tool showing planned and actual output over time. It helps assess if tasks are on schedule.

General Administrative Theory

  • Focuses on what constitutes good management practices.
  • Henri Fayol identified five managerial functions (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling).
  • Fayol also established fourteen principles of management, applying to all organizations.
  • Fayol's 14 Principles of Management:
    • Division of work.
    • Authority.
    • Discipline.
    • Unity of command.
    • Unity of direction.
    • Subordination of individual interest to general interest.
    • Remuneration.
    • Centralization.
    • Scalar Chain (line of authority).
    • Order.
    • Equity.
    • Stability of tenure of personnel.
    • Initiative.
    • Esprit de corps (team spirit).
  • Max Weber described bureaucracy as an ideal organizational structure characterized by division of labor, hierarchy, rules, and impersonal relationships.

Behavioral Approach

  • This approach emphasizes individual attitudes, behaviors, and group dynamics in the workplace.
  • Early proponents included:
    • Hugo Münsterberg: Pioneer of industrial psychology, focusing on employee selection, training, and motivation.
    • Mary Parker Follett: Emphasized worker participation, shared goals, and the human aspect of organizations.
    • Chester Barnard: Viewed organizations as cooperative human systems, highlighting formal and informal structures, authority acceptance, and power distribution.
  • Hawthorne Studies and Elton Mayo:
    • Conducted at Western Electric, examined factors impacting worker productivity (e.g., lighting).
    • The Hawthorne effect observed: worker behaviour influenced by observation.
    • Mayo emphasized the importance of social norms and group standards in individual work behaviour.
  • Douglas McGregor:
    • Theory X: Negative assumptions about workers (lazy, avoid responsibility).
    • Theory Y: Positive assumptions about workers (motivated, capable).

Quantitative Approach

  • Uses quantitative techniques to enhance decision-making.
  • Techniques like statistics, optimization models, and linear programming are used for resource allocation, inventory management, quality control, and planning/control.

Contemporary Approaches

  • Systems approach views organizations as open systems, interacting with their environment.
  • Contigency approach: Management approaches must adapt to specific situations, considering organization size, environmental uncertainty, and individual differences.

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Description

Explore the evolution of management theories from classical approaches to scientific management. Understand key concepts introduced by thinkers like Adam Smith and Frederick Winslow Taylor, and how their ideas transformed organizational efficiency. Dive into the principles that defined early management practices and their relevance in modern settings.

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