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Questions and Answers
A researcher is conducting an experiment where a dog salivates upon hearing a bell, but after several trials of ringing the bell without food, the dog stops salivating. According to classical conditioning principles, what has occurred?
A researcher is conducting an experiment where a dog salivates upon hearing a bell, but after several trials of ringing the bell without food, the dog stops salivating. According to classical conditioning principles, what has occurred?
- Acquisition
- Spontaneous recovery
- Extinction (correct)
- Stimulus generalization
In classical conditioning, what differentiates the conditioned stimulus from the unconditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, what differentiates the conditioned stimulus from the unconditioned stimulus?
- The unconditioned stimulus elicits a response naturally, while the conditioned stimulus requires learning. (correct)
- The conditioned stimulus elicits a response naturally, while the unconditioned stimulus requires learning.
- The conditioned stimulus always involves a physical object, while the unconditioned stimulus is always a sound.
- The unconditioned stimulus is presented after the response, while the conditioned stimulus is presented before.
Which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?
Which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?
- A student studies diligently to avoid the anxiety of failing an exam, leading to increased study habits. (correct)
- A child receives a scolding for misbehaving, leading to a decrease in that behavior.
- A dog is given a treat for sitting on command, increasing the likelihood of repeating the behavior.
- An employee has their pay docked for being late, decreasing their tardiness.
A toddler is initially bitten by a poodle. Now, the toddler cries at the sight of any dog, regardless of breed or size. What is this an example of?
A toddler is initially bitten by a poodle. Now, the toddler cries at the sight of any dog, regardless of breed or size. What is this an example of?
What is the core difference between classical and operant conditioning?
What is the core difference between classical and operant conditioning?
A teenager loses their phone privileges for failing to complete their chores. Which type of operant conditioning is being used?
A teenager loses their phone privileges for failing to complete their chores. Which type of operant conditioning is being used?
In an experiment, a rat is trained to press a lever when a green light is illuminated. Over time, the rat also begins to press the lever when exposed to a yellow light, although it was only trained with the green light. What is the rat demonstrating?
In an experiment, a rat is trained to press a lever when a green light is illuminated. Over time, the rat also begins to press the lever when exposed to a yellow light, although it was only trained with the green light. What is the rat demonstrating?
A previously successful advertising campaign paired a soft drink with a popular song. Over time, the song lost its popularity, and the soft drink sales decreased, even though the drink's formula remained unchanged. Which classical conditioning principle explains the decrease in sales?
A previously successful advertising campaign paired a soft drink with a popular song. Over time, the song lost its popularity, and the soft drink sales decreased, even though the drink's formula remained unchanged. Which classical conditioning principle explains the decrease in sales?
Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Learning through associations between a neutral stimulus and a positive one, resulting in automatic, unconscious responses.
Neutral Stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that initially doesn't trigger a response until paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned Response
Unconditioned Response
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Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
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Conditioned Response
Conditioned Response
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Extinction (Classical Conditioning)
Extinction (Classical Conditioning)
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Study Notes
- Behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one in classical conditioning
- Classical conditioning is an unconscious, automatic type of learning
- Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not evoke a response
- Unconditioned stimulus: something that causes a response without any prior experience
- Unconditioned response: a response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience
- Conditioned stimulus: a neutral stimulus that, via pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, causes a learned response
- Conditioned response: a learned response after pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Classical vs Operant Conditioning
- In classical conditioning, behavior is determined by what precedes it, and is involuntary
- In operant conditioning, behavior is determined by the anticipation of what follows it, and is voluntary
- Classical conditioning is exemplified by a dog salivating after hearing a tone
- Operant conditioning is exemplified by a dog sitting in anticipation of getting a treat
Reinforcement vs Punishment
- Positive reinforcement: something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior
- Negative reinforcement: Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
- Positive punishment: something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
- Negative punishment: something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Principles of Classical Conditioning
- Extinction: weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned response
- Spontaneous recovery: the return of a learned response after apparent extinction
- Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when a conditioned response (CR) no longer occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented
- For instance, a dog stopped salivating after a while when Pavlov rang the bell but did not present the food
Principals of Reinforcement and Punishment
- Operant Stimulus Generalization: the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement
- Children learn to associate the word "dog" with a particular animal, then generalize the word "dog" to other types and breeds of dogs
- A child frightened by a man with a beard might not be able to discriminate between bearded men and generalize that all men with beards are to be feared
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