Classical Conditioning and Learning Processes
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Questions and Answers

What does reinforcement do to the likelihood of a behavior occurring again?

  • Makes behavior less likely
  • Has no effect on behavior likelihood
  • Completely eliminates behavior
  • Makes behavior more likely (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

  • A teacher gives a student extra homework as a consequence
  • A father punishes his child for misbehavior
  • A mother praises her son for completing his homework (correct)
  • Taking away a student's cell phone for misconduct

    • What type of punishment is exemplified when a mother makes her daughter do extra chores for missing curfew?

  • Negative reinforcement
  • Positive punishment (correct)
  • Negative punishment
  • Positive reinforcement

    • What outcome is associated with negative punishment?

    <p>Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Skinner contribute to behaviorism?

    <p>He introduced the concept of operant conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spontaneous recovery indicate about learned responses?

    <p>They can return after a period without exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary principle underlying Thorndike's law of effect?

    <p>Actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to be repeated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In high-order conditioning, what becomes a second conditioned stimulus?

    <p>The neutral stimulus paired with a strong conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of vicarious conditioning suggest?

    <p>Emotional responses can be learned by observing others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a conditioned response during the extinction process?

    <p>It gradually weakens and eventually vanishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?

    <p>A learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stimulus substitution explain classical conditioning?

    <p>It shows that both stimuli activate the same brain areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected result if a pleasurable action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, according to Thorndike’s law of effect?

    <p>The action will be abandoned or occur less often.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines learning in the context provided?

    <p>A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'unconditioned stimulus' refer to?

    <p>A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Pavlov's experiment, what is the conditioned response?

    <p>The salivation in response to the metronome after conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of classical conditioning states that the conditioned stimulus must occur before the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Temporal order principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stimulus generalization refer to?

    <p>The tendency to respond to similar stimuli with the conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens during the process of stimulus discrimination?

    <p>Animals learn to respond only to the original stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often must a neutral stimulus be paired with an unconditioned stimulus for effective conditioning?

    <p>It must be paired several times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Pavlov's work, what is the difference between an unconditioned response and a conditioned response?

    <p>The unconditioned response is instinctive, while the conditioned response is learned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the concept of acquisition in classical conditioning?

    <p>The initial stage where the conditioned stimulus acquires the ability to trigger a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

    <p>It can initially be a neutral stimulus with no effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?

    <p>Continuous reinforcement results in quicker learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement schedule provides a reinforcer after an unpredictable number of responses?

    <p>Variable-ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spontaneous recovery manifest in operant conditioning?

    <p>It is the sudden return of a previously extinguished response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the ability to remember an auditory stimulus long enough to understand what was said?

    <p>Echoic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of selective attention in memory processing?

    <p>To filter out unimportant sensory inputs and focus on one stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the encoding process in memory?

    <p>Information is organized and categorized for storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of generalization in operant conditioning?

    <p>It involves responding similarly to various but related stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of fixed-interval reinforcement schedules?

    <p>Reinforcement is delivered after a specific duration has elapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of working memory?

    <p>Processing and manipulating information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of working memory is responsible for holding verbal and auditory information?

    <p>Phonological Loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is elaborative rehearsal?

    <p>Making connections between new and old information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which retrieval method requires very few external cues?

    <p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enhances memory retention through similarity during recall?

    <p>Encoding specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomenon where old information interferes with new information?

    <p>Proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum capacity of short-term memory commonly referred to as?

    <p>Magical number 7 +/- 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is NOT effective for improving memory?

    <p>Re-reading material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive system is fast, automatic, and intuitive?

    <p>System 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the consolidation process in memory?

    <p>Storing information permanently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the phenomenon where people remember information best from the beginning and end of a list?

    <p>Primacy and recency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a heuristic in decision-making?

    <p>A rule of thumb or shortcut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to base rate neglect in decision making?

    <p>Using only descriptive information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning

    • Permanent behavioral change caused by experience and practice, distinct from maturation.
    • Involves physical changes in the brain, especially concerning memory formation.

    Classical Conditioning

    • Learning to respond reflexively to a new stimulus.
    • Ivan Pavlov's experiment illustrated this through dogs salivating in response to food.
    • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally occurring stimulus causing an involuntary response.
    • Unconditioned Response (UR): Automatic reaction to the US, genetically wired into the nervous system.
    • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the US through repeated pairing.
    • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the CS, typically weaker than the UR.

    Pavlov’s Experiment

    • Used dogs to demonstrate classical conditioning by pairing a metronome (CS) with food (US) to achieve salivation (CR).

    Little Albert Experiment

    • US: Loud noise -> UR: Startle response.
    • CS: White rat paired with US -> Startle.
    • Result: Little Albert developed a fear of the rat (CR) due to the loud noise associated with it.

    Principles of Classical Conditioning

    • CS must precede US.
    • Closely timed pairing enhances learning speed.
    • Neutral stimuli must be consistently paired with US.
    • Distinctiveness of CS helps in the conditioning process.

    Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

    • Generalization: Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the CS.
    • Discrimination: Ability to distinguish between CS and similar, irrelevant stimuli.

    Extinction and Recovery

    • Extinction: Gradual loss of CR when the CS is presented without the US.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: Reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period.

    Conditioned Emotional Response

    • Emotional responses conditioned to stimuli, applicable in situations like advertising.

    Vicarious Conditioning

    • Learning via observing others' reactions, often faster when the response is evolutionarily beneficial.

    High-Order Conditioning

    • Occurs when a strong CS is paired with a neutral stimulus, making the latter a second CS.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Learning behaviors based on their consequences.
    • Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Actions followed by pleasurable outcomes are likely to be repeated; unpleasant outcomes deter repetition.

    Reinforcement and Punishment

    • Reinforcement: Increases likelihood of behavior repetition, can be positive or negative.
    • Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., praise).
    • Negative Punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., taking away a privilege).

    Reinforcement Schedules

    • Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcement provided after every response.
    • Partial Reinforcement: Given after some responses, more resistant to extinction.
      • Fixed-Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
      • Variable-Ratio: Reinforcement after varying responses.
      • Fixed-Interval: Reinforcement after a fixed time.
      • Variable-Interval: Reinforcement after variable time intervals.

    Basic Operant Conditioning Processes

    • Extinction: Weakened response due to lack of reinforcement.
    • Generalization: Similar responses to related stimuli.
    • Discrimination: Learning to respond differently to various stimuli.
    • Spontaneous Recovery: Performing a previously extinguished response.

    Observational Learning

    • Learning behaviors by watching others model those behaviors.

    Cognitive Limits to Behaviorism

    • Insight learning involves suddenly understanding a problem's relationships, not achieved through trial and error alone.

    Memory

    • Active system for receiving, organizing, storing, and retrieving information.

    Stages of Memory

    • Sensory Memory: Initial information entry through senses; includes iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory.
    • Short-Term Memory (STM): Temporary awareness of information, typically lasting 15-20 seconds.
    • Working Memory: Active processing system that manipulates information in STM.

    Long-Term Memory (LTM)

    • Unlimited capacity for permanent information storage, organized in neural networks.
    • Elaborative Rehearsal: Making information meaningful for storage improvement.
    • Consolidation: Process solidifying new memories into long-term storage.

    Retrieval of Memory

    • Recall: Retrieving information with minimal cues; more challenging.
    • Recognition: Identifying matched information; easier than recall.
    • Matching Encoding and Retrieval: Memory improves when encoding and recall conditions align.

    Forgetting

    • Encoding Errors: Not fully learned information leads to perceived forgetting.
    • Proactive Interference: Old information hinders new learning.
    • Retroactive Interference: New information disrupts recall of old information.

    Improving Memory

    • Strategies: Distributed practice, elaborative rehearsal, sufficient sleep, physical exercise, active testing.
    • Ineffective strategies: Reading and re-reading, highlighting, multitasking with distractions like music.

    Thinking, Judgment, and Decision Making

    • System 1: Fast, automatic, emotional processing.
    • System 2: Slow, deliberate, logical thinking.
    • Heuristics: Effort-saving rules; representativeness and availability heuristics can lead to errors in decision making.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of learning and classical conditioning, as introduced by Ivan Pavlov. This quiz covers how behavior can be changed through experience and the physical changes in the brain related to memory. Test your understanding of reflex responses to stimuli and the distinction between learning and maturation.

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