Class 12 Psychology & NCERT Solutions Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which subject does not have NCERT solutions listed for Class 12?

Physics

Chemistry

Dance (correct)

Biology

What type of educational resources are available for Class 10?

Social Science, English, and Hindi Solutions (correct)

Only Hindi Solutions

Only Physics Solutions

Only Science Solutions

What is the main focus of the 'Self and Personality' notes for Class 12 Psychology?

Social structures

Animal behavior

Conscious experiences of individuals (correct)

Historical figures in psychology

Which of the following subjects is included in Class 11 Humanities?

Political Science Signup and view all the answers

What is regression in the context of defense mechanisms?

Returning to earlier behaviors characteristic of a developmental stage Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the conscious act of pushing away unacceptable thoughts?

Repression Signup and view all the answers

Which NCERT solutions are available for students in Class 9?

Maths, Science, Social Science, English, and Hindi Signup and view all the answers

What type of documents does the content mention related to CBSE assessments?

Sample papers and previous years' question papers Signup and view all the answers

What does self-actualization represent?

A state of self-fulfillment and realization of potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subject listed under RD Sharma Class 12 Solutions?

Philosophy Signup and view all the answers

How does self-efficacy influence an individual?

By determining the belief in one's ability to produce positive outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the superego in Freud's theory?

The final structure that embodies societal standards of right and wrong Signup and view all the answers

Which NCERT solutions are available for Class 11 Science?

Biology Signup and view all the answers

In which Class does the 'Foundation of Information Technology' appear?

Class 10 Signup and view all the answers

What is described by surface traits in Cattell's theory?

Clusters of observable trait elements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'self' as mentioned in the content?

Totality of an individual's conscious experiences Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality, what does the trait approach aim to identify?

The basic traits necessary to describe personality Signup and view all the answers

How can values be characterized based on the provided content?

Enduring beliefs regarding ideal modes of behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is characterized by high motivation and impatience?

Type-A Signup and view all the answers

In Jung's classification, which type of person avoids social situations and prefers solitude?

Introverts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is classified as a secondary trait according to Allport's Trait Theory?

Liking for mangoes Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by a desire for sense gratification, materialism, and dissatisfaction?

Rajas Signup and view all the answers

What does Eysenck identify as one of the broad dimensions of personality?

Neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of trigunas, which guna is associated with laziness and helplessness?

Tamas Signup and view all the answers

What does personal identity primarily consist of?

Attributes making a person different from others Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does social identity emphasize?

Co-operation and affiliation with others Signup and view all the answers

Sheldon's classification of personality is primarily based on which aspect?

Body build Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the personal self?

Personal freedom and achievements Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is characterized as cooperative, unassertive, and prone to cancer according to Friedman and Rosenman?

Type-C Signup and view all the answers

How is self-esteem primarily developed in children?

Warm and positive parenting practices Signup and view all the answers

What method involves a person expressing their thoughts freely to uncover unconscious feelings?

Free Association Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy refer to?

Belief in one's capability to control life outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three doshas in Ayurveda?

Sattva Signup and view all the answers

Cattell's approach to personality assessment utilized which statistical method?

Factor Analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is associated with the study of personality based on 'humors'?

Type approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psycho-analysis?

To explore unconscious thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-regulation play in an individual's behavior?

It helps organize and monitor one's own behavior Signup and view all the answers

The dominant traits in a personality according to Eysenck are assessed using which questionnaire?

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Signup and view all the answers

Which component of personality is primarily concerned with moral values?

Superego Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to an individual's basic nature in Ayurveda?

Prakriti Signup and view all the answers

How does culture influence the concept of self?

It creates a clear distinction between individualism and collectivism Signup and view all the answers

What does self-control help achieve in relation to long-term goals?

It plays a key role in fulfillment of long-term goals Signup and view all the answers

Melancholic, choleric, sanguine, and phlegmatic are classifications of personality based on what model?

Four Humors Signup and view all the answers

What principle does the ego operate on?

Reality principle Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a child fails to successfully navigate a developmental stage?

The child experiences fixation at that stage Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor influencing the development of self-esteem in children?

Supportive parenting practices Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own undesirable traits to others?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

What can indicate a person's self-concept?

The way they perceive themselves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the dynamic nature of personality?

Some features may change due to internal or external demands Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the conflict a male child feels towards his father during the Oedipus complex?

Hostility towards the father Signup and view all the answers

According to Alfred Adler’s concept of individual psychology, behavior is primarily influenced by what?

Goals and aspirations Signup and view all the answers

What happens to children's self-esteem in various areas as they age?

It becomes refined and differentiated in specific areas Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is associated with the concept of a 'collective unconscious'?

Carl Jung Signup and view all the answers

How does self-efficacy relate to people's behavior?

It influences the level of achievement expected Signup and view all the answers

What does reaction formation involve?

Adopting opposite behaviors to hide true feelings Signup and view all the answers

What major aspect did Karen Horney challenge in Freud's theories?

The role of sexual instincts in behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which component of personality seeks immediate gratification according to the pleasure principle?

Id Signup and view all the answers

What is ‘basic anxiety’ according to Karen Horney?

A result of disturbed childhood relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a central element in Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?

Ego identity Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism is directed towards psychodynamic theories of personality?

Generalizations from atypical samples Signup and view all the answers

According to the cultural approach to personality, what factor is NOT considered important in shaping personality?

Personal aspirations Signup and view all the answers

What is the central focus of the behavioral approach to personality assessment?

Stimulus-response connections Signup and view all the answers

In Carl Rogers' theory, what is essential for enhancing an individual's self-concept?

Unconditional positive regard Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of self-actualization according to Abraham Maslow?

Maximal fulfillment of personal potential Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'ideal self' play in Carl Roger's theory of personality?

It represents the self individuals desire to become. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of personality assessment?

A formal effort to understand personality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of self-report measures in personality assessment?

Verbal responses from individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is considered an indirect method of personality assessment?

Rorschach Inkblot test Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typically associated with a healthy person according to personality theories?

Acceptance of self and limits Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant function of personality assessment?

To understand and predict behavior Signup and view all the answers

What factor is emphasized in the behavioral approach to personality development?

Learning and environment Signup and view all the answers

What does psychoticism in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire primarily represent?

Lack of feeling for others and toughness Signup and view all the answers

Which scale is NOT included in the Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality Inventory developed in India?

Optimism Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what does the term libido refer to?

A direct or indirect sexual expression Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines an individual with an inferiority complex, according to Adler?

Struggles with feelings of inferiority Signup and view all the answers

In the context of personality, which trait is considered a cardinal trait according to Allport?

A singular dominant trait in personality Signup and view all the answers

The anal stage, as defined by Freud, occurs during which age?

1 to 3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the ego according to Freud?

To mediate between the id and social norms Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'collective unconscious' as proposed by Carl Jung?

Shared ancestral memories and archetypes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of extraversion?

Interests directed outward to people and nature Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Emotional sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

In what context is client-centered therapy utilized?

To have clients clarify their feelings Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'defense mechanisms' according to Freud?

Unconscious strategies for coping with stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus during the latency period in Freud's theory?

Sublimation of sexual interests Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self and Personality (Psychology Notes)

Self: The totality of an individual's conscious experiences, thoughts, feelings about oneself.
Study of Self & Personality: Helps understand oneself and others.
Self Structure: Understands identity through personal and social aspects.
- Personal Identity: Attributes that differentiate a person.
- Social Identity: Aspects linking to a group/culture.
Self as Subject/Object:
- Subject: Active in knowing itself (actor).
- Object: Observed and known (consequence).
Types of Self:
- Formed by interaction with the environment (biological, physical & sociocultural).
- Biological Self: Based on biological needs.
- Personal Self: Concerns oneself. Focus on personal freedom, responsibility, achievement, comfort.
- Social/Relational Self: Emerges from relations with others. Emphasizes cooperation, unity, sacrifice, relationships.
Self-Concept: How one perceives oneself and abilities.
Self-Esteem: Personal worth judgment.
- Assessment: Various statements, asking degree of truth.
- Development: Forms by 6-7 years (academic, social, physical, appearance).
- Overall Self-Esteem: Combining self-evaluations into a general view.
- Relation to Behavior: Low self-esteem linked to anxiety, depression, anti-social behaviors.
- Parenting & Self-Esteem: Positive parenting fosters high self-esteem.
Self-Efficacy: Belief in controlling life outcomes (not luck or fate).
- High Self-Efficacy: Believing in ability and control.
- Foundation: Bandura's social learning theory.
- Influence: Expectations of achievement and risk-taking behavior.
Self-Regulation: Organizing and monitoring behavior.
- Self-Monitoring: Changing behavior based on environment.
- Self-Control: Delaying gratification, resisting pressure.
- Willpower: Ability to resist and control oneself.
- Culture's Role: Indian traditions (fasting, detachment) for self-control.
- Techniques: Observing behavior, self-instruction, self-reinforcement.

Culture and Self

Indian Culture: Shifting boundary between self & other. Values harmonious co-existence.
Western Culture: Fixed boundary between self & other; clear dichotomies. Values individualism.

Concept of Personality

Personality: Relatively stable qualities characterizing behavior across diverse situations.
Origin: From Latin "persona" (actor's mask).
Purpose: Predicts behavior and promotes understanding and interaction.
Features:
- Physical and psychological components.
- Unique expression.
- Relatively stable over time.
- Adaptive—dynamic capabilities.

Approaches to Studying Personality

Type Approaches

Hippocrates: Personality based on fluids/humors (sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric).
Charak Samhita: Vata, Pitta, Kapha based on humors (temperaments).
Trigunas: Sattva, Rajas, Tamas influencing behavior (cleanliness, activity, anger).
Sheldon: Endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic (body types & temperaments). Limited predictive value.
Jung: Introverts & extroverts (social orientation).
Friedman & Rosenman: Type-A, Type-B; and Type-C, Type-D (potential correlations with health issues).

Trait Approaches

Allport: Cardinal, central, & secondary traits.
- Cardinal Traits: Dominate personality.
- Central Traits: Generalized, influence behavior.
- Secondary Traits: Specific characteristics.
Cattell: 16 source traits; primary dimensions of personality through factor analysis. Surface traits.
Eysenck: Neuroticism/Stability; Extraversion/Introversion; Psychoticism/Sociability (dimensions with biological basis).

Psychodynamic Approach (Freud)

Levels of Consciousness: Conscious, preconscious, unconscious.
Structure of Personality: Id, ego, superego.
- Id: Pleasure principle; primitive needs.
- Ego: Reality principle; navigating reality.
- Superego: Morality; societal standards.
Defense Mechanisms: Repression, projection, denial, reaction formation, rationalization.
Psychosexual Stages: Oedipus & Electra complexes (developmental stages). Fixation due to issues in any stage.
Post-Freudian Approaches: Neo-analytic viewpoints (Jung, Horney, Adler, Fromm, Erikson); emphasize social and conscious drives, and importance of societal factors beyond sexual/aggressive drives. Less emphasis on sexual/aggressive drives.

Assessment of Personality

Self-Report Measures: Direct methods (MMPI, EPQ, 16PF). Requires subjective reports.
Projective Techniques: Indirect methods (Rorschach, TAT); based on ambiguous stimuli, uncover unconscious motivations.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Diagnosing psychopathology (revised version is MMPI-2).
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ): Assessing neuroticism/stability; extraversion/introversion; psychoticism/sociability.

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Test your knowledge about various aspects of Class 12 Psychology and NCERT solutions. Explore important concepts like self-actualization, defense mechanisms, and the superego from Freud's theory. Understand the educational resources available for different class levels and subjects.