Class 12 Psychology & NCERT Solutions Overview

The totality of an individual's conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts, and feelings related to themselves.

A stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterizes an individual's responses to situations.

A type of personality assessment that uses objective tests to measure various personality traits.

A type of personality assessment that uses subjective methods like interviews, projective tests, and observations to explore personality.

A key element of personality that refers to the individual's enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A theory of personality that focuses on how an individual's unique experiences shape their personality.

A theory of personality that focuses on how individuals learn behaviors through their experiences and interactions with their environment.

A personality theory that emphasizes the role of individual choices and free will in shaping personality.

A personality theory that emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in shaping personality.

A personality theory that emphasizes biological factors, such as genetic predispositions and brain structures, in shaping personality.

The self is an active agent that observes and understands itself. It encompasses all conscious experiences, thoughts, and feelings about oneself.

Represents the unique attributes that distinguish a person from others. This includes personal values, beliefs, preferences, and talents.

Those aspects of a person that connect them to social or cultural groups. It's influenced by family, friends, and societal norms.

The way we perceive ourselves. It's our understanding of our abilities, characteristics, and traits.

Our evaluation of our worth. It's how much we value and appreciate ourselves.

The belief in our own capabilities to achieve goals. It affects how we approach challenges and handle setbacks.

The ability to control and regulate our own behavior, emotions, and thoughts. It involves managing impulses and responding to situations effectively.

A collectivistic culture emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals within a group. The self is seen as part of a larger social fabric, and individual goals often take a backseat to group needs and harmony.

Individualistic cultures prioritize individual autonomy and independence. The self is seen as distinct and separate from the group, and individual goals are emphasized.

This approach categorized personalities based on bodily fluids or 'humors.' It was an early attempt to understand personality types.

Type of Self that is influenced by the biological, physical, and sociocultural environments. It's the foundation of our identity.

Type of self that arises from our physical needs and instincts. It's the biological foundation of the 'Self'.

Concerned with personal goals, freedom, and achievements. Its focus is on individual experiences and aspirations.

Emerges through interactions with others. It emphasizes cooperation, relationships, and social values.

A personality type characterized by being sociable, outgoing, and enjoying social situations.

A personality type characterized by being reserved, introspective, and preferring solitude.

A key concept in Ayurveda, referring to the three fundamental humors that influence a person's physical and psychological constitution.

A primary trait in Ayurveda, representing a person's natural temperament or predisposition.

A personality trait characterized by cleanliness, truthfulness, dutifulness, detachment, and discipline.

A personality trait characterized by intense activity, desire for sense gratification, dissatisfaction, envy, and materialism.

A personality trait characterized by anger, arrogance, depression, laziness, and helplessness.

A personality theory that classifies individuals based on their body build and temperament.

A personality trait characterized by being relaxed and sociable.

A personality trait characterized by being strong, energetic, and courageous.

A personality trait characterized by being thin, fragile, and introverted.

A relatively enduring attribute or quality that distinguishes one individual from another.

A highly generalized disposition that influences a person's entire life, often acting as a central driving force.

A less pervasive yet still generalized disposition, influencing a person's behavior across various situations.

A relatively specific characteristic that is less pervasive than cardinal or central traits, often linked to specific contexts or situations.

The conscious part of our personality that uses reason and logic to make decisions.

A theory of personality that emphasizes the role of an individual's unique experiences in shaping their personality.

Erikson proposed that people go through different stages of psychosocial development throughout their lifespan. Each stage involves a specific crisis that needs to be resolved.

The process by which individuals acquire new behaviors and attitudes through interactions with their environments.

Individuals learn primarily by observing the behavior of others and by experiencing the consequences of their own behaviors.

The set of beliefs and values that are shared by a particular group of people.

The process of adapting one's personality to the demands of their culture.

Individuals have an innate drive to self-actualize, meaning they strive to reach their full potential.

The ideal image of yourself, the person you aspire to be.

The discrepancy between your actual self and ideal self.

A structured questionnaire used to assess personality traits.

Personality assessment techniques where individuals project their unconscious thoughts and feelings onto ambiguous stimuli.

A highly regarded personality assessment tool used to identify different types of psychopathology.

A psychological theory that aims to bring unconscious thoughts and feelings to the surface of conscious awareness, helping individuals live more self-aware and integrated lives.

The force within the personality driven by instinctual needs. It seeks immediate gratification of desires, regardless of social or moral consequences. Works on the pleasure principle.

The moral compass of the personality, internalizing societal rules and values to guide behavior. It strives for perfection and can cause feelings of guilt or shame.

Unconscious mental processes that distort reality to reduce anxiety. They protect the ego from threatening thoughts or feelings.

A defence mechanism where anxiety-provoking thoughts or experiences are pushed out of conscious awareness.

A defence mechanism where individuals attribute their own unwanted feelings or traits to others.

A defence mechanism where individuals deny the reality of a situation, refusing to acknowledge uncomfortable facts.

A defence mechanism where individuals adopt behaviours opposite to their true feelings to avoid anxiety.

A defence mechanism where individuals rationalize and justify their behaviour to make it seem reasonable, even if it's not.

Freud's theory proposing that early childhood experiences shape the personality, and individuals progress through five psychosexual stages. Failure to successfully complete a stage can lead to fixations and later psychological problems.

A complex described by Freud where a male child develops feelings of love for his mother and hostility towards his father, fearing competition and castration.

A complex described by Freud where a female child develops feelings of love for her father and hostility towards her mother, with a desire to 'marry' her father.

A process where the child identifies with the same-sex parent, accepting the parent's relationship with the opposite-sex parent and modeling their own behavior after them.

A post-Freudian approach that emphasizes the ego's role in adapting to reality and emphasizes human qualities like creativity and competence.

Enduring beliefs about ideal behaviors or states of being. They are deeply held attitudes that drive our actions.

The feeling of being disconnected from society or a group.

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development, focused on bowel control and elimination.

A personality disorder characterized by disregard for social norms, impulsivity, and aggressive behavior.

Jung's term for universal, inherited patterns in the unconscious mind, represented by images and symbols.

A therapy by Carl Rogers centered on helping clients understand and accept their true feelings.

Inherited portion of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans, according to Jung.

Unconscious strategies the ego uses to cope with unacceptable desires, such as repression or projection.

The transfer of mental patients from institutions to community-based care.

The fear of being negatively judged by others.

One of the personality dimensions where interests are focused outward on the world and others.

The theory that humans are inherently good and strive for self-growth.