Questions and Answers
What is Accessibility Universal?
What is Functional Universal?
What defines Existential Universal?
What is Non-universal?
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Discuss some key factors that suggest humans are unique in cultural learning.
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What is the main difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture?
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What similarities exist between the evolution of physical characteristics and ideas?
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What role does technology play in cultural changes?
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What is pluralistic ignorance?
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What is an independent variable in cultural psychology?
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State the definition of validity.
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What are methodological challenges with questionnaires?
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What is the impact of deprivation bias?
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Define proximal cause.
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Define distal cause.
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What is evoked culture?
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What is transmitted culture?
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What is the definition of pluralistic ignorance?
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Study Notes
Accessibility Universal
- Represents the highest level of universality in cognitive tools across cultures.
- Indicates cognitive tools solve the same problems and are equally accessible across different cultures.
- Example: Social facilitation, where individuals perform better at well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
Functional Universal
- Second level of universality indicating cognitive tools exist across cultures but vary in accessibility.
- Although used to solve similar problems, some cultures may utilize these tools more than others.
- Example: Variability in the effort invested in punishment for unfairness among different cultures.
Existential Universal
- Third level of universality where cognitive tools exist across cultures but serve different purposes or levels of access.
- Illustrates differing motivations: Western cultures may find failure demotivating, while East Asian cultures tend to work harder after failures.
Non-universal
- Lowest level of universality where cognitive tools do not exist across all cultures and may be culturally invented.
- Example: Abacus reasoning, prominently used in parts of the Middle East and Asia.
Human Cultural Learning Abilities
- Humans lack physical survival traits like claws or fur, relying instead on cultural learning for dominance.
- Cultural learning is faster and more effective in humans compared to other species.
- Humans uniquely imitate prestigious models and exhibit an understanding of different intentions, unlike chimpanzees.
- Language enables precise communication and facilitates advanced cultural learning.
Evoked Culture vs. Transmitted Culture
- Evoked culture encompasses instinctual behaviors activated in specific situations, common to all humans.
- Examples: Choosing attractive mates for genetic continuation and defending offspring from threats.
- Transmitted culture involves learning cultural practices through imitation and environment, leading to cultural variations.
- Examples: Building techniques and effective hunting methods spread through imitation within cultures.
Evolution of Physical Characteristics vs. Ideas
- Physical traits evolve slowly through natural selection; genes pass from parents to offspring.
- Ideas evolve and spread more rapidly, can be transmitted to many individuals instantly, and are subject to change.
- Shared emotional connections enhance the spread of ideas, which can include counterintuitive elements that are memorable and persuasive.
Cultural Changes Over Time
- Technological advancements and innovation lead to faster-paced globalization and less interconnected cultures.
- Shifts from collectivistic to individualistic orientations are observed, driven by economic pressures and social isolation.
- Technology, particularly through television and communication devices, fosters isolation and diminishes direct social interaction.
Role of Pluralistic Ignorance
- Pluralistic ignorance leads to a misinterpretation of others' thoughts, promoting cultural persistence.
- Individuals tend to act in socially desirable ways, influencing the spread of ideas that may not reflect true beliefs or feelings.
Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent variable: The manipulated factor in research, such as culture in cultural psychology.
- Dependent variable: The measured outcome, such as happiness.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
- Experimental design involves manipulating the independent variable, observing the dependent variable, and utilizing random assignment.
- Quasi-experimental design also manipulates the independent variable and observes the dependent variable, but lacks random assignment.
Validity in Cultural Psychology
- A test is valid if it accurately measures what it intends to measure, a concern for cultural psychologists.
Methodological Challenges with Questionnaires
- Language barriers can affect understanding and responses across cultures.
- Moderacy and extremity biases impact how individuals rate items, influencing cross-cultural comparisons.
- Acquiescence bias reflects tendencies to agree with statements, leading to cultural response differences.
- Deprivation bias occurs when individuals value what is lacking in their own culture compared to others.
- Reference group bias indicates a tendency to compare oneself with members of one's culture.
Proximal and Distal Causes
- Proximal causes have immediate and direct effects on outcomes.
- Distal causes lead to effects over a more extended period and through indirect pathways.
Evoked and Transmitted Culture Definitions
- Evoked culture refers to biologically encoded behaviors triggered by situational conditions shared by all humans.
- Transmitted culture encompasses knowledge of cultural practices learned through social imitation and modeling from those nearby.
Pluralistic Ignorance Definition
- Refers to the collective misinterpretation of underlying thoughts in others' behaviors, affecting social dynamics.
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Description
Explore the concepts of Accessibility Universal and Functional Universal in psychology. This quiz will test your understanding of how cognitive tools function across various cultures. Delve into examples like social facilitation to enhance your grasp of these foundational theories.