Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning Writing Strategy
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Questions and Answers

What is one way to evaluate evidence according to the text?

  • Consider how current the information is (correct)
  • Verify the font size used in the source
  • Look for colorful graphs and charts
  • Check the author's popularity

    • When selecting sources for a paper, what should you do if you find an article but don't use any information from it?

  • Mention it in the acknowledgments section
  • Include it as a source anyway
  • Don't cite it as a source (correct)
  • Use it as the main reference

    • Why is it important to always read the methods section in a study?

  • To see if there are any typographical errors
  • To determine the demographics of the research participants (correct)
  • To find out the author's opinions
  • To check the length of the article

    • Which format allows for a uniform way of citing sources both in-text and in the works cited/reference page?

    <p>APA and MLA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to cite every source used in writing according to the text?

    <p>To avoid plagiarism and give credit to original authors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when using sources to confirm your initial ideas are correct?

    <p>Cite those sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you determine if information is up-to-date according to the text?

    <p>By considering how recent the information is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are recent sources preferred for supplying current data?

    <p>Because they are often more accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which section of a study can you find information about the demographics of research participants?

    <p>Methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you generalize information beyond the original research population?

    <p>You risk misrepresenting or misinterpreting data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for citing duplicating studies according to the text?

    <p>To ensure the reader knows the correct author was chosen based on valid reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the currentness of information?

    <p>To ensure up-to-date and accurate data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious about using outdated sources for current information?

    <p>They may not reflect current facts accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of reading the methods section in a study, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To determine the demographics of research participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with a source that confirms your initial thoughts are incorrect?

    <p>Include it to demonstrate your research process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to cite every source used in your writing?

    <p>To give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sources are preferred by instructors, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Sources with recent data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What point is made about generalizing information beyond the original research population in the text?

    <p>It can lead to incorrect conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you find an article and determine that you don't need any information from it?

    <p>Ignore it and don't cite it as a source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the timeliness of information sources?

    <p>To avoid using outdated data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for citing duplicating studies according to the text?

    <p>To justify your choice between authors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When selecting sources for a paper, what should you do if you confirm your initial thoughts are incorrect?

    <p>Cite the source used to confirm your initial thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to evaluate evidence regarding statistics and facts?

    <p>Consider the method used to gather information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you always read the methods section in a study?

    <p>To understand how demographics affect results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text recommend about generalizing information beyond the original research population?

    <p>It is necessary to avoid misinterpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of sources do instructors typically prefer, according to the text?

    <p>Sources with recent and accurate data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with a source that confirms your initial thoughts are incorrect?

    <p>Cite it as a source for contradictory evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are recent sources preferred for supplying current data?

    <p>They are often more accurate and reliable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning (CER) Writing Strategy

    • A writing strategy used for argumentative, persuasive, or research essays on various academic subjects.
    • Consists of making a claim statement, providing evidence, and explaining the reasoning behind the claim.

    Claim Statement

    • A statement that makes an assertion about a topic, guiding the content and structure of the essay.
    • Should identify what the writer is attempting to argue or prove.
    • Typically appears as the topic sentence or first sentence of a paragraph or as the thesis statement in an essay.

    Examples of Claims in Writing

    • Example 1: "Private school is a better option than public school for students today."
    • Example 2: "Playing a team sport like soccer is the most beneficial hobby one can have."

    Evidence

    • Provides proof or support for the claim being made.
    • Can be in the form of research, data, quotes, or textual evidence from a piece of literature.
    • Should not be a guess, assumption, or based on the writer's opinion.
    • Should mention the source from where the evidence was obtained through a citation.

    Examples of Evidence

    • Example 1: Statistics on class sizes from publicschoolreview.com and the NCES study in 2008.
    • Example 2: Study on women continuing to play soccer after a year from Sciencedaily.com and professors Peter Krustrup and Jens Bangsbo from the University of Copenhagen.

    Reasoning

    • Explains how and why the evidence supports the claim.
    • Should immediately follow the evidence in the paragraph.
    • Begins by explaining or summarizing what the evidence says, then explains how or why the evidence supports the claim.

    Examples of Reasoning

    • Example 1: The statistics on class sizes demonstrate that private school is a better option than public school because smaller classes lead to better student learning.
    • Example 2: The study on women continuing to play soccer shows that playing a team sport like soccer is beneficial because it encourages long-term participation.

    Difference between Evidence and Reasoning

    • Evidence is literal proof that supports the claim statement, while reasoning is the writer's explanation of how the evidence supports the claim.

    Claim Paragraph Examples

    • Example 1: Atticus Finch in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird exemplifies what it means to be a nonjudgmental, understanding human being.
    • Example 2: Atticus Finch in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird is naive and a pushover.

    Evaluating Evidence from a Source

    • Determine which set of information has been duplicated with similar results.
    • Consider the currency of the information and how it was gathered.
    • Evaluate the source for bias and credibility.

    Types of Sources

    • Primary sources: original places where information was first produced, such as documents, speeches, or quotes.
    • Secondary sources: sources that relate information produced by someone else, such as textbooks or news articles.

    Citing Sources

    • Use a uniform format, such as MLA or APA, to cite sources in the text and in the works cited or reference page.
    • Give credit to the original authors of the information used.Here are the study notes for the provided text:

    Evaluating Evidence

    • Evaluating evidence involves considering the credibility of sources and the methodology used to gather information
    • It is essential to consider the date of publication, as recent data is often more accurate
    • It is also important to identify the population being studied to ensure generalizability

    Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning (CER)

    • CER is a writing strategy used for argumentative, persuasive, or research essays
    • It consists of making a claim statement, providing evidence to support the claim, and explaining how the evidence supports the claim (reasoning)
    • The claim statement makes an assertion about a topic, rather than just stating the topic
    • Evidence can be incorporated into the essay through direct quotes or paraphrasing
    • Reasoning explains how and why the evidence supports the claim

    Types of Sources

    • Primary sources are original sources of information, such as research studies
    • Secondary sources relate information produced by others, such as textbook summaries
    • In academic writing, it is best to use primary sources whenever possible

    Evaluating Sources

    • When evaluating sources, consider the credibility of the author and the methodology used
    • Check for bias and consider multiple sources to ensure accuracy
    • Determine which sources have duplicated results to establish credibility

    Claim Statement

    • A claim statement makes an assertion about a topic
    • It is the central focus of the essay or paragraph and guides the content and structure of the writing
    • If a piece of evidence or reasoning cannot be tied directly to the claim statement, it does not belong in the essay or paragraph### Claim Statements
    • Claim statements identify what the essay writer is attempting to argue or prove.
    • A claim statement should be the topic sentence or first sentence of a paragraph in a claim paragraph.
    • In an essay, the claim statement should appear as the thesis statement or last sentence in the introduction.

    Examples of Claims

    • "Private school is a better option than public school for students today."
    • "Playing a team sport like soccer is the most beneficial hobby one can have."

    Evidence for Supporting Claims

    • Evidence provides proof or support of the claim being made.
    • Evidence can be in the form of research, data, quotes, or textual evidence from a piece of literature.
    • Evidence should not be a guess, assumption, or based on the writer's opinion.
    • Evidence should mention the source from where it was obtained through a citation.

    Examples of Evidence

    • According to publicschoolreview.com, private schools typically have smaller class sizes than public schools.
    • According to Sciencedaily.com, women who play soccer will likely continue playing the sport in the long-term.

    How to Write Reasoning

    • Reasoning is when the writer explains how and why the evidence supports the claim.
    • Reasoning should immediately follow the evidence in the paragraph.
    • To incorporate reasoning, begin by explaining or summarizing what the evidence says, then explain how or why the evidence supports the claim.
    • Phrases like "this shows that" or "this proves that" can be helpful.

    Examples of Reasoning

    • These statistics show that private school is a better option than public school because class size has a direct impact on student learning.
    • This study shows that women who play a team sport like soccer develop a connection with each other that encourages them to continue playing in the long-term.

    Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning: Paragraph Examples

    • A claim paragraph should have a claim, evidence, and reasoning.
    • The claim is not a fact, but something that can be argued.
    • Evidence is factual, but the reasoning will differ from writer to writer because it explains how the evidence proves the claim.

    Sifting Through the Information Age

    • In academic writing, it is best to use primary sources whenever possible.
    • Evaluating evidence from sources involves determining which set of information has been duplicated with similar results.
    • The currency of the information is also important, as some statistics are true at a point in time but may not stay constant.
    • The methodology used to gather information should also be considered.

    Determining Which Source to Use

    • Use all sources from which you have taken information.
    • If you have confirmed information from multiple sources, list all sources.
    • If you have used a source to confirm or deny an idea, cite it as a source.
    • Give credit to all sources used in your writing, and cite them in a uniform format (e.g., MLA or APA).

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    Description

    Learn about the CER (claim, evidence, reasoning) writing strategy used for writing argumentative and research essays. Explore how to structure a CER paragraph with a claim statement, evidence, and reasoning.

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